```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>虚拟人群生理参数生成算法</title>
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
            line-height: 1.6;
            max-width: 900px;
            margin: 0 auto;
            padding: 20px;
        }
        h1 {
            font-size: 24px;
            color: #333;
            border-bottom: 2px solid #333;
            padding-bottom: 10px;
        }
        h2 {
            font-size: 20px;
            color: #444;
            margin-top: 25px;
            border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
            padding-bottom: 5px;
        }
        h3 {
            font-size: 18px;
            color: #555;
            margin-top: 20px;
        }
        p {
            margin: 10px 0;
        }
        ul, ol {
            margin-left: 20px;
        }
        table {
            border-collapse: collapse;
            width: 100%;
            margin: 15px 0;
        }
        th, td {
            border: 1px solid #ddd;
            padding: 8px;
            text-align: left;
        }
        th {
            background-color: #f2f2f2;
        }
        .note {
            font-style: italic;
            color: #666;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>虚拟人群生理参数生成算法</h1>

    <h2>1. 输入和输出</h2>

    <h3>1.1 模块输入 (Inputs to the Module)</h3>
    <p>本模块在生成虚拟人群时，需要接收以下配置参数，以指导其生理特征的生成过程：</p>
    <ul>
        <li><strong>N</strong>: 需要生成的虚拟个体总数量。</li>
        <li><strong>Age_Max_Config</strong> (单位：年): 用于设定生成的个体年龄范围的上限。</li>
        <li><strong>Age_Min_Config</strong> (单位：年): 用于设定生成的个体年龄范围的下限。</li>
        <li><strong>Prop_Female</strong> (范围：0-1): 用于定义生成群体中女性所占的比例。</li>
        <li><strong>Age_Dist_Type</strong>: 指定年龄的分布模型类型。可选类型包括：
            <ul>
                <li>Uniform (均匀分布)</li>
                <li>Weibull (威布尔分布)</li>
                <li>Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull (65岁以下均匀分布，65岁以上威布尔分布的混合模型)。</li>
            </ul>
        </li>
        <li><strong>Alpha_Weibull</strong>, <strong>Beta_Weibull</strong>: 当 Age_Dist_Type 为 Weibull 或 Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull 时，这两个参数用于配置威布尔分布的形状和尺度。</li>
        <li><strong>Prop_Under_65</strong>: 当 Age_Dist_Type 为 Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull 时，此参数用于配置群体中年龄在65岁以下个体所占的比例。</li>
    </ul>

    <h3>1.2 模块输出 (Outputs from the Module)</h3>
    <p>本模块将输出一个包含 N 个虚拟个体数据结构的集合。每个数据结构详细描述了一个虚拟个体的以下核心生理特征：</p>
    <ul>
        <li><strong>Age</strong> (年龄，单位：年)</li>
        <li><strong>Sex</strong> (性别，取值：Male 或 Female)</li>
        <li><strong>Weight</strong> (体重，单位：公斤)</li>
        <li><strong>Height</strong> (身高，单位：厘米)</li>
        <li><strong>BSA</strong> (体表面积，单位：平方米)</li>
    </ul>

    <h2>2. 核心算法（公式）和内部参数值</h2>
    <p>对于每个生成的虚拟个体 i，算法按照以下既定流程和内部预设参数值进行计算：</p>

    <h3>2.1 年龄 (Age_i) 和性别 (Sex_i) 的生成</h3>
    
    <p><strong>性别分配：</strong></p>
    <p>根据设定的 Prop_Female，通过随机过程决定个体的性别为女性或男性。</p>
    
    <p><strong>年龄生成：</strong></p>
    <p>根据输入的 Age_Dist_Type 进行随机抽样，获得一个初始年龄值 (Raw_Age_i)。</p>
    <ul>
        <li><strong>Uniform</strong> (均匀分布): 在 Age_Min_Config 和 Age_Max_Config 之间均匀随机抽取。</li>
        <li><strong>Weibull</strong> (威布尔分布): 依据威布尔分布的特性，使用内部预设的形状和尺度参数进行抽取。</li>
        <li><strong>Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull</strong> (混合分布): 首先根据内部预设的比例决定个体是65岁以下还是65岁以上；如果65岁以下，则在 Age_Min_Config 到 65 之间均匀抽取；如果65岁以上，则从65岁开始，依据威布尔分布的特性进行抽取。</li>
    </ul>
    
    <p><strong>年龄裁剪：</strong> 最终的年龄 (Age_i) 会被限制在 Age_Min_Config 和 Age_Max_Config 之间，以确保年龄处于有效范围内。</p>
    
    <p><strong>内部参数</strong>（默认值，可被模块输入覆盖）：</p>
    <ul>
        <li>Weibull分布默认形状参数: 2</li>
        <li>Weibull分布默认尺度参数: 0.5</li>
        <li>65岁以下人口默认比例: 0.5</li>
    </ul>

    <h3>2.2 平均生理参数计算</h3>
    <p>根据已确定的 Age_i 和 Sex_i，使用以下多项式回归公式计算个体的平均体重和平均身高。这些公式的系数为算法内部预设值：</p>
    
    <p><strong>平均体重 (Mean_WT_i)：</strong></p>
    <p>公式： Mean_WT_i = C0_WT + C1_WT * Age_i</p>
    
    <p>内部参数值：</p>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>男性</th>
            <th>女性</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>C0_WT</td>
            <td>75</td>
            <td>65</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>C1_WT</td>
            <td>0.005888</td>
            <td>0.010767</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <p><strong>平均身高 (Mean_HT_i)：</strong></p>
    <p>公式： Mean_HT_i = C0_HT + C1_HT * Age_i + C2_HT * Age_i^2</p>
    
    <p>内部参数值：</p>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>男性</th>
            <th>女性</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>C0_HT</td>
            <td>175.32</td>
            <td>161.66</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>C1_HT</td>
            <td>0.1113</td>
            <td>0.1319</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>C2_HT</td>
            <td>-0.0025</td>
            <td>-0.0027</td>
        </tr>
    </table>

    <h3>2.3 实际生理参数 (WT_i, HT_i) 波动生成</h3>
    <p>在计算出的平均体重和身高的基础上，算法会引入随机波动，以模拟真实人群中的个体差异。这通过变异系数 (CV%) 来实现。</p>
    
    <p><strong>波动生成过程：</strong> 实际生理参数值是通过以平均值为中心，以 (平均值 * 变异系数) 为标准差的正态分布进行随机抽样获得。</p>
    
    <p><strong>非负约束：</strong> 生成的体重和身高值将确保不小于零，以符合生物学意义。</p>
    
    <p><strong>内部参数值 (变异系数 CV%):</strong></p>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>成人 男性</th>
            <th>成人 女性</th>
            <th>儿童 男性</th>
            <th>儿童 女性</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>WT_CV</td>
            <td>16% (0.16)</td>
            <td>17.5% (0.175)</td>
            <td>15% (0.15)</td>
            <td>10% (0.10)</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>HT_CV</td>
            <td>3.7% (0.037)</td>
            <td>3.7% (0.037)</td>
            <td>5.7% (0.057)</td>
            <td>5.2% (0.052)</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <p class="note">注：系统会根据个体的年龄判断其属于"成人"还是"儿童"，从而应用相应的 CV 值。通常以18岁作为成人和儿童的划分界限。</p>

    <h3>2.4 体表面积 (BSA_i) 计算</h3>
    <p>公式： BSA_i = BSA_C1_Param * (WT_i ^ BSA_Weight_Exponent) * (HT_i ^ BSA_Height_Exponent)</p>
    
    <p>说明：此公式为一种常用的经验公式，如Mosteller公式的变体，用于根据体重和身高估算体表面积。</p>
    
    <p><strong>内部参数值：</strong></p>
    <ul>
        <li>BSA_C1_Param: 0.007184</li>
        <li>BSA_Weight_Exponent: 0.425</li>
        <li>BSA_Height_Exponent: 0.725</li>
    </ul>

    <h2>3. 数据来源</h2>
    <p>本模块中所有内部预设参数值和所采用的经验公式，均基于广泛的科学研究和真实世界数据。其主要来源包括：</p>
    <ul>
        <li><strong>大规模人群健康调查：</strong> 提供了关于年龄、性别分布，以及特定人群平均体重和身高的统计数据。</li>
        <li><strong>生物统计学研究：</strong> 通过对人类生理参数的大规模测量和数学建模，得出体重和身高随年龄、性别变化的回归模型系数。</li>
        <li><strong>药代动力学和生理学文献：</strong> 体表面积计算公式是生物医学领域普遍接受的经验模型，常用于药物剂量计算和生理功能评估。</li>
        <li><strong>临床医学研究和队列研究：</strong> 变异系数（CV%）是基于对特定年龄组、性别群体的长期追踪和测量数据分析而得出的，反映了生理参数在人群中的自然离散度。</li>
        <li><strong>系统默认配置：</strong> 部分参数，如年龄的初始上下限、年龄分布模型的默认形状参数等，是系统为了提供便捷的开箱即用功能而预设的，但用户可以通过模块输入进行灵活调整。</li>
    </ul>
</body>
</html>
```
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>生理参数数据库</title>
    <style>
        body {
            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
            line-height: 1.6;
            max-width: 1200px;
            margin: 0 auto;
            padding: 20px;
        }
        h1 {
            font-size: 28px;
            color: #333;
            text-align: center;
            margin-bottom: 20px;
            border-bottom: 2px solid #333;
            padding-bottom: 10px;
        }
        h2 {
            font-size: 22px;
            color: #444;
            margin-top: 30px;
            margin-bottom: 15px;
            border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
            padding-bottom: 5px;
        }
        table {
            border-collapse: collapse;
            width: 100%;
            margin: 20px 0;
            font-size: 14px;
        }
        th, td {
            border: 1px solid #ddd;
            padding: 8px;
            text-align: center;
        }
        th {
            background-color: #f2f2f2;
            font-weight: bold;
        }
        tr:nth-child(even) {
            background-color: #f9f9f9;
        }
        .header-row {
            background-color: #e6e6e6;
        }
        .note {
            font-size: 14px;
            color: #666;
            margin-top: 20px;
            background-color: #f9f9f9;
            padding: 10px;
            border-left: 4px solid #666;
        }
        .section {
            margin-bottom: 40px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>生理参数数据库</h1>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>1. 虚拟人群生理参数生成算法</h2>

        <h3>1.1 模块输入 (Inputs to the Module)</h3>
        <p>本模块在生成虚拟人群时，需要接收以下配置参数，以指导其生理特征的生成过程：</p>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>N</strong>: 需要生成的虚拟个体总数量。</li>
            <li><strong>Age_Max_Config</strong> (单位：年): 用于设定生成的个体年龄范围的上限。</li>
            <li><strong>Age_Min_Config</strong> (单位：年): 用于设定生成的个体年龄范围的下限。</li>
            <li><strong>Prop_Female</strong> (范围：0-1): 用于定义生成群体中女性所占的比例。</li>
            <li><strong>Age_Dist_Type</strong>: 指定年龄的分布模型类型。可选类型包括：
                <ul>
                    <li>Uniform (均匀分布)</li>
                    <li>Weibull (威布尔分布)</li>
                    <li>Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull (65岁以下均匀分布，65岁以上威布尔分布的混合模型)。</li>
                </ul>
            </li>
            <li><strong>Alpha_Weibull</strong>, <strong>Beta_Weibull</strong>: 当 Age_Dist_Type 为 Weibull 或 Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull 时，这两个参数用于配置威布尔分布的形状和尺度。</li>
            <li><strong>Prop_Under_65</strong>: 当 Age_Dist_Type 为 Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull 时，此参数用于配置群体中年龄在65岁以下个体所占的比例。</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>1.2 模块输出 (Outputs from the Module)</h3>
        <p>本模块将输出一个包含 N 个虚拟个体数据结构的集合。每个数据结构详细描述了一个虚拟个体的以下核心生理特征：</p>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>Age</strong> (年龄，单位：年)</li>
            <li><strong>Sex</strong> (性别，取值：Male 或 Female)</li>
            <li><strong>Weight</strong> (体重，单位：公斤)</li>
            <li><strong>Height</strong> (身高，单位：厘米)</li>
            <li><strong>BSA</strong> (体表面积，单位：平方米)</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>2. 核心算法（公式）和内部参数值</h3>
        <p>对于每个生成的虚拟个体 i，算法按照以下既定流程和内部预设参数值进行计算：</p>

        <h4>2.1 年龄 (Age_i) 和性别 (Sex_i) 的生成</h4>
        
        <p><strong>性别分配：</strong></p>
        <p>根据设定的 Prop_Female，通过随机过程决定个体的性别为女性或男性。</p>
        
        <p><strong>年龄生成：</strong></p>
        <p>根据输入的 Age_Dist_Type 进行随机抽样，获得一个初始年龄值 (Raw_Age_i)。</p>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>Uniform</strong> (均匀分布): 在 Age_Min_Config 和 Age_Max_Config 之间均匀随机抽取。</li>
            <li><strong>Weibull</strong> (威布尔分布): 依据威布尔分布的特性，使用内部预设的形状和尺度参数进行抽取。</li>
            <li><strong>Mixed_65_Uniform_Weibull</strong> (混合分布): 首先根据内部预设的比例决定个体是65岁以下还是65岁以上；如果65岁以下，则在 Age_Min_Config 到 65 之间均匀抽取；如果65岁以上，则从65岁开始，依据威布尔分布的特性进行抽取。</li>
        </ul>
        
        <p><strong>年龄裁剪：</strong> 最终的年龄 (Age_i) 会被限制在 Age_Min_Config 和 Age_Max_Config 之间，以确保年龄处于有效范围内。</p>
        
        <p><strong>内部参数</strong>（默认值，可被模块输入覆盖）：</p>
        <ul>
            <li>Weibull分布默认形状参数: 2</li>
            <li>Weibull分布默认尺度参数: 0.5</li>
            <li>65岁以下人口默认比例: 0.5</li>
        </ul>

        <h4>2.2 平均生理参数计算</h4>
        <p>根据已确定的 Age_i 和 Sex_i，使用以下多项式回归公式计算个体的平均体重和平均身高。这些公式的系数为算法内部预设值：</p>
        
        <p><strong>平均体重 (Mean_WT_i)：</strong></p>
        <p>公式： Mean_WT_i = C0_WT + C1_WT * Age_i</p>
        
        <p>内部参数值：</p>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>参数</th>
                <th>男性</th>
                <th>女性</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>C0_WT</td>
                <td>75</td>
                <td>65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>C1_WT</td>
                <td>0.005888</td>
                <td>0.010767</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <p><strong>平均身高 (Mean_HT_i)：</strong></p>
        <p>公式： Mean_HT_i = C0_HT + C1_HT * Age_i + C2_HT * Age_i^2</p>
        
        <p>内部参数值：</p>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>参数</th>
                <th>男性</th>
                <th>女性</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>C0_HT</td>
                <td>175.32</td>
                <td>161.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>C1_HT</td>
                <td>0.1113</td>
                <td>0.1319</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>C2_HT</td>
                <td>-0.0025</td>
                <td>-0.0027</td>
            </tr>
        </table>

        <h4>2.3 实际生理参数 (WT_i, HT_i) 波动生成</h4>
        <p>在计算出的平均体重和身高的基础上，算法会引入随机波动，以模拟真实人群中的个体差异。这通过变异系数 (CV%) 来实现。</p>
        
        <p><strong>波动生成过程：</strong> 实际生理参数值是通过以平均值为中心，以 (平均值 * 变异系数) 为标准差的正态分布进行随机抽样获得。</p>
        
        <p><strong>非负约束：</strong> 生成的体重和身高值将确保不小于零，以符合生物学意义。</p>
        
        <p><strong>内部参数值 (变异系数 CV%):</strong></p>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>参数</th>
                <th>成人 男性</th>
                <th>成人 女性</th>
                <th>儿童 男性</th>
                <th>儿童 女性</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>WT_CV</td>
                <td>16% (0.16)</td>
                <td>17.5% (0.175)</td>
                <td>15% (0.15)</td>
                <td>10% (0.10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>HT_CV</td>
                <td>3.7% (0.037)</td>
                <td>3.7% (0.037)</td>
                <td>5.7% (0.057)</td>
                <td>5.2% (0.052)</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <p class="note">注：系统会根据个体的年龄判断其属于"成人"还是"儿童"，从而应用相应的 CV 值。通常以18岁作为成人和儿童的划分界限。</p>

        <h4>2.4 体表面积 (BSA_i) 计算</h4>
        <p>公式： BSA_i = BSA_C1_Param * (WT_i ^ BSA_Weight_Exponent) * (HT_i ^ BSA_Height_Exponent)</p>
        
        <p>说明：此公式为一种常用的经验公式，如Mosteller公式的变体，用于根据体重和身高估算体表面积。</p>
        
        <p><strong>内部参数值：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>BSA_C1_Param: 0.007184</li>
            <li>BSA_Weight_Exponent: 0.425</li>
            <li>BSA_Height_Exponent: 0.725</li>
        </ul>

        <h3>3. 数据来源</h3>
        <p>本模块中所有内部预设参数值和所采用的经验公式，均基于广泛的科学研究和真实世界数据。其主要来源包括：</p>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>大规模人群健康调查：</strong> 提供了关于年龄、性别分布，以及特定人群平均体重和身高的统计数据。</li>
            <li><strong>生物统计学研究：</strong> 通过对人类生理参数的大规模测量和数学建模，得出体重和身高随年龄、性别变化的回归模型系数。</li>
            <li><strong>药代动力学和生理学文献：</strong> 体表面积计算公式是生物医学领域普遍接受的经验模型，常用于药物剂量计算和生理功能评估。</li>
            <li><strong>临床医学研究和队列研究：</strong> 变异系数（CV%）是基于对特定年龄组、性别群体的长期追踪和测量数据分析而得出的，反映了生理参数在人群中的自然离散度。</li>
            <li><strong>系统默认配置：</strong> 部分参数，如年龄的初始上下限、年龄分布模型的默认形状参数等，是系统为了提供便捷的开箱即用功能而预设的，但用户可以通过模块输入进行灵活调整。</li>
        </ul>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>2. 肝脏与胆囊生理参数</h2>
        
        <h3>2.1 肝脏生理参数计算模块</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>Input</th>
                <th>Unit<sub>in</sub></th>
                <th>Life Cycle</th>
                <th>Ethnicity</th>
                <th>Sex</th>
                <th>Note</th>
                <th>Formula</th>
                <th>R<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th>Output_tag</th>
                <th>Output</th>
                <th>Unit<sub>out</sub></th>
                <th>Reference</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>BSA</td>
                <td>m²</td>
                <td>General</td>
                <td>General</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>在0至18岁的儿童和青少年中具有良好的预测性能，在成人数据验证时（包括北美、欧洲和日本成人），公式仍表现出较高的外推性能；成人数据验证中，肝脏体积在 1 L以下的范围内预测性能较好，但对于体积更大的肝脏，预测精度有所下降；某些特定种族（如日本人）的肝脏体积对 BSA 的敏感性略高。</td>
                <td>0.722*BSA^1.176</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver</td>
                <td>Volume</td>
                <td>L</td>
                <td>Johnson, T. N., et al. (2005). Changes in liver volume from birth to adulthood: A meta-analysis. Liver Transplantation, 11(12), 1481–1493. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20519</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td>Year</td>
                <td>30-60</td>
                <td>Caucasian</td>
                <td>General</td>
                <td>研究提到，日本人与白人在肝脏重量和CYP酶丰度上存在显著差异，目前关于不同种族之间在MPPGL和HPGL方面的系统性数据还不充分</td>
                <td>10^(-0.655*LOG(Age)+3.103)</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver</td>
                <td>HPGL</td>
                <td>10<sup>6</sup> cells/g</td>
                <td>Barter, Z. E., et al. (2007). Scaling factors for the extrapolation of in vivo metabolic drug clearance from in vitro data: reaching a consensus on values of human microsomal protein and hepatocellularity per gram of liver. Current Drug Metabolism, 8(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920007779315053</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Age</td>
                <td>Year</td>
                <td>General</td>
                <td>Caucasian</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>高加索人种的模型，中国人可能不同，年龄</td>
                <td>10^(1.407 + 0.0158 * Age - 0.00038 * Age^2 + 0.0000024 * Age^3)</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver</td>
                <td>MPPGL</td>
                <td>mg/g</td>
                <td>Barter, Z. E., et al. (2008). Covariation of human microsomal protein per gram of liver with age. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 36(12), 2405–2409. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.108.021311</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>MPPGL</td>
                <td>mg/g</td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td>28.89451 + (1.310316 * MPPGL)</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver</td>
                <td>CPPGL</td>
                <td>mg/g</td>
                <td>simcyp</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>MPPGL、CPPGL</td>
                <td>mg/g</td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td>IVIVE</td>
                <td>MPPGL+CPPGL</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver</td>
                <td>S9PPGL</td>
                <td>mg/g</td>
                <td>simcyp</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Liver_Volume</td>
                <td>L</td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver_Volume*Liver_Density</td>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver</td>
                <td>Weight</td>
                <td>g</td>
                <td></td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <h3>2.2 肝脏体积参数</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>Category</th>
                <th>Parameter</th>
                <th>Value</th>
                <th>CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Liver Volume (Default)</td>
                <td>BSA Coefficient</td>
                <td>0.722</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>BSA Exponent</td>
                <td>1.176</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Liver Volume (User-defined)</td>
                <td>Average Liver Volume (L)</td>
                <td>1.403</td>
                <td>12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>Liver Density (g/L)</td>
                <td>1080</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <h3>2.3 肝细胞数量参数 (HPGL)</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>Parameter</th>
                <th>Older than 20</th>
                <th>Younger than 20</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>HPGL Mean</td>
                <td>117.52</td>
                <td>125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>3.103</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Age Coefficient</td>
                <td>-0.655</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CV (%)</td>
                <td>41.9</td>
                <td>20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>P450/10^6 cells Baseline</td>
                <td>3.034</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>HPGL Coefficient</td>
                <td>-0.506</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <h3>2.4 微粒体蛋白参数</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>Category</th>
                <th>Parameter</th>
                <th>Value</th>
                <th>CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Microsomal Protein</td>
                <td>MPPGL Mean</td>
                <td>39.446</td>
                <td>54.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>1.596</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>Age Coefficients C1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>Age Coefficients C2</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td></td>
                <td>Age Coefficients C3</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>-</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <h3>2.5 细胞质蛋白与S9蛋白参数</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>Parameter</th>
                <th>Value</th>
                <th colspan="2"></th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td colspan="4"><strong>Cytosolic Protein (mg/g)</strong></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CPPGL Mean</td>
                <td>80.581</td>
                <td colspan="2"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>28.895</td>
                <td colspan="2"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Correlation coefficient</td>
                <td>1.3103</td>
                <td colspan="2"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CV (%)</td>
                <td>21.467</td>
                <td colspan="2"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td colspan="4"><strong>S9 Protein (mg/g)</strong></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>S9PPGL Mean</td>
                <td>120.03</td>
                <td colspan="2"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td>95.06</td>
                <td colspan="2"></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CV (%)</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td colspan="2"></td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <h3>2.6 胆囊生理参数</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>Metric</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>% Hepatic Bile Entering Gallbladder</td>
                <td>70.3</td>
                <td>32.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>IMMC Cycle Time (h)</td>
                <td>1.55</td>
                <td>55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Gallbladder Emptied at % of IMMC Cycle</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td></td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <h3>2.7 胆囊释放常数</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th></th>
                <th>Fasted Mean</th>
                <th>Fed Mean</th>
                <th>Fasted CV (%)</th>
                <th>Fed CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Gallbladder Release Constant (1/h)</td>
                <td>0.18</td>
                <td>0.48</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>19</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <h3>2.8 胆囊残留体积</h3>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th></th>
                <th>Fasted Mean</th>
                <th>Fed Mean</th>
                <th>Fasted CV (%)</th>
                <th>Fed CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Gallbladder Residual Volume (%)</td>
                <td>79.4</td>
                <td>59.9</td>
                <td>13.1</td>
                <td>39.6</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>3. CYP酶基因多态性频率表</h2>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>Enzyme</th>
                <th>EM Freq</th>
                <th>PM Freq</th>
                <th>IM1 Freq</th>
                <th>IM2 Freq</th>
                <th>UM Freq</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP1A1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP1A2</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2A6</td>
                <td>0.537</td>
                <td>0.015</td>
                <td>0.399</td>
                <td>0.049</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2B6</td>
                <td>0.524</td>
                <td>0.068</td>
                <td>0.323</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2C8</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2C9</td>
                <td>0.934</td>
                <td>0.003</td>
                <td>0.063</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2C18</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                   <td>CYP2C19</td>
                <td>0.396</td>
                <td>0.134</td>
                <td>0.458</td>
                <td>0.012</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2D6</td>
                <td>0.597</td>
                <td>0.003</td>
                <td>0.39</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2E1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2J2</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP3A4</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP3A5</td>
                <td>0.42</td>
                <td>0.58</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP3A7</td>
                <td>0.12</td>
                <td>0.88</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <div class="note">
            <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
            <p>EM: Extensive Metabolizer（广泛代谢型）</p>
            <p>PM: Poor Metabolizer（弱代谢型）</p>
            <p>IM1: Intermediate Metabolizer 1（中间代谢型1）</p>
            <p>IM2: Intermediate Metabolizer 2（中间代谢型2）</p>
            <p>UM: Ultra-rapid Metabolizer（超快代谢型）</p>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>4. CYP酶丰度和周转率常数</h2>
        <table>
            <tr class="header-row">
                <th rowspan="2">Enzyme</th>
                <th colspan="2">EM</th>
                <th colspan="2">PM</th>
                <th colspan="2">IM1</th>
                <th colspan="2">IM2</th>
                <th colspan="2">UM</th>
                <th colspan="2">Turnover</th>
            </tr>
            <tr class="header-row">
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>CV(%)</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>CV(%)</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>CV(%)</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>CV(%)</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>CV(%)</th>
                <th>Mean</th>
                <th>CV(%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP1A1</td>
                <td>1.24</td>
                <td>118</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0183</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP1A2</td>
                <td>42</td>
                <td>50</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0183</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2A6</td>
                <td>18.8</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>1.8</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>13</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>7.7</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0267</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2B6</td>
                <td>6.7</td>
                <td>63</td>
                <td>1.4</td>
                <td>85</td>
                <td>5</td>
                <td>105</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>7.7</td>
                <td>128</td>
                <td>0.0217</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2C8</td>
                <td>7.7</td>
                <td>75</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0301</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2C9</td>
                <td>87.6</td>
                <td>55</td>
                <td>40.5</td>
                <td>88</td>
                <td>76.7</td>
                <td>81</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0067</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2C18</td>
                <td>0.4</td>
                <td>39</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0267</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2C19</td>
                <td>4.4</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>2.85</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>7.01</td>
                <td>89</td>
                <td>10.23</td>
                <td>79</td>
                <td>0.0267</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2D6</td>
                <td>10.47</td>
                <td>65</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>3.29</td>
                <td>65</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>20.25</td>
                <td>65</td>
                <td>0.0099</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2E1</td>
                <td>124</td>
                <td>68</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0176</td>
                <td>63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP2J2</td>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>75</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0194</td>
                <td>56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP3A4</td>
                <td>120</td>
                <td>33</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0193</td>
                <td>68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP3A5</td>
                <td>82.3</td>
                <td>68</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0193</td>
                <td>68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>CYP3A7</td>
                <td>14</td>
                <td>71</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.0193</td>
                <td>68</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>5. UGT酶基因多态性频率表</h2>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>酶</th>
                <th>EM Freq</th>
                <th>PM Freq</th>
                <th>IM Freq</th>
                <th>UM Freq</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A1</td>
                <td>0.46</td>
                <td>0.1</td>
                <td>0.44</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A3</td>
                <td>0.738</td>
                <td>0.003</td>
                <td>0.066</td>
                <td>0.193</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A4</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A5</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A6</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A7</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A8</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A9</td>
                <td>0.996</td>
                <td>0.004</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A10</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B4</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B7</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B10</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B11</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B15</td>
                <td>0.21</td>
                <td>0.28</td>
                <td>0.51</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B17</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
                <td>0.74</td>
                <td>0.24</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B28</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <div class="note">
            <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
            <p>EM: Extensive Metabolizer（广泛代谢型）</p>
            <p>PM: Poor Metabolizer（弱代谢型）</p>
            <p>IM: Intermediate Metabolizer（中间代谢型）</p>
            <p>UM: Ultra-rapid Metabolizer（超快代谢型）</p>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>6. UGT酶丰度和周转率常数</h2>
        <table>
            <tr class="header-row">
                <th rowspan="2">酶</th>
                <th>绝对丰度</th>
                <th>种群相对丰度</th>
                <th colspan="8">相对丰度或探针活性及变异系数</th>
                <th colspan="2">周转率</th>
            </tr>
            <tr class="header-row">
                <th>(pmol/mg-protein)</th>
                <th>(相对于HV EM)</th>
                <th>EM</th>
                <th>EM CV(%)</th>
                <th>PM</th>
                <th>PM CV(%)</th>
                <th>IM</th>
                <th>IM CV(%)</th>
                <th>UM</th>
                <th>UM CV(%)</th>
                <th>周转率常数 (1/h)</th>
                <th>CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A1</td>
                <td>43</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>24</td>
                <td>0.42</td>
                <td>50.8</td>
                <td>0.72</td>
                <td>39.9</td>
                <td>1.46</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0.0578</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A3</td>
                <td>2.75</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>72</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.5</td>
                <td>72</td>
                <td>5.3</td>
                <td>72</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A4</td>
                <td>52</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>26</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A5</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A6</td>
                <td>20</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A7</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A8</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A9</td>
                <td>31</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT1A10</td>
                <td>0.02</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B4</td>
                <td>54</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>28</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B7</td>
                <td>71</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30.4</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B10</td>
                <td>6.5</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B11</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B15</td>
                <td>39</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>34</td>
                <td>0.07</td>
                <td>33</td>
                <td>0.47</td>
                <td>37</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B17</td>
                <td>5.9</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>28</td>
                <td>0.08</td>
                <td>40</td>
                <td>0.16</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>UGT2B28</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>User UGT</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>7. 转运体基因多态性频率表</h2>
        <table>
            <tr>
                <th>转运体</th>
                <th>ET Freq</th>
                <th>PT Freq</th>
                <th>IT Freq</th>
                <th>UT Freq</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCB1 (P-gp/MDR1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCB11 (BSEP)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC1 (MRP1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC6 (MRP6)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
                <td>0.44</td>
                <td>0.1</td>
                <td>0.46</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC2A1 (GLUT1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC2A2 (GLUT2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC29A1 (ENT1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC29A2 (ENT2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC10A1 (NTCP)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC10A2 (ASBT/IBAT)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC15A1 (PepT1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC19A2 (THTR1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC19A3 (THTR2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO1A2 (OATP1A2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO1B3 (OATP1B3)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO1C1 (OATP1C1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO4C1 (OATP4C1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A1 (OCT1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A2 (OCT2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A3 (OCT3)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A4 (OCTN1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A5 (OCTN2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A6 (OAT1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A8 (OAT3)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A9 (OAT7)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A11 (OAT4)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A12 (URAT1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC47A1 (MATE1)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC47A2 (MATE2-K)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC51A/B (OST-α/β)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <div class="note">
            <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
            <p>ET: Extensive Transporter（正常转运型）</p>
            <p>PT: Poor Transporter（弱转运型）</p>
            <p>IT: Intermediate Transporter（中间转运型）</p>
            <p>UT: Ultra-rapid Transporter（超快转运型）</p>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>8. 转运体丰度和周转率常数</h2>
        <table>
            <tr class="header-row">
                <th rowspan="2">转运体</th>
                <th>绝对丰度</th>
                <th colspan="8">相对丰度及变异系数</th>
                <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
            </tr>
            <tr class="header-row">
                <th>(pmol/10<sup>6</sup> hepatocytes)</th>
                <th>ET</th>
                <th>ET CV (%)</th>
                <th>PT</th>
                <th>PT CV (%)</th>
                <th>IT</th>
                <th>IT CV (%)</th>
                <th>UT</th>
                <th>UT CV (%)</th>
                <th>周转率常数 (1/h)</th>
                <th>CV (%)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCB1 (P-gp/MDR1)</td>
                <td>0.246</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>59</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0.054</td>
                <td>28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCB11 (BSEP)</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>131</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
                <td>0.59</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>88</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
                <td>0.239</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>65</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>60</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCC6 (MRP6)</td>
                <td>0.214</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>46</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
                <td>0.103</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0.37</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0.67</td>
                <td>30</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC29A1 (ENT1)</td>
                <td>0.0646</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>49</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC29A2 (ENT2)</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>60</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC10A1 (NTCP)</td>
                <td>0.647</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>50</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
                <td>0.638</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>60</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1)</td>
                <td>3.1</td>
                <td>0.584</td>
                <td>73</td>
                <td>0.21</td>
                <td>29</td>
                <td>0.4</td>
                <td>51</td>
                <td>0.81</td>
                <td>62</td>
                <td>0.031</td>
                <td>27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO1B3 (OATP1B3)</td>
                <td>3.08</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>89</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
                <td>1.18</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>62</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A1 (OCT1)</td>
                <td>1.27</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>44</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
                <td>1.25</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>75</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC22A9 (OAT7)</td>
                <td>1.45</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>51</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC47A1 (MATE1)</td>
                <td>0.146</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>51</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>SLC51A/B (OST-α/β)</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>60</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Sinusoidal Uptake</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Sinusoidal Efflux</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Canalicular Efflux</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>0</td>
                <td>1.00E-06</td>
                <td>30</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
        
        <div class="note">
            <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
            <p>ET: Extensive Transporter（正常转运型）</p>
            <p>PT: Poor Transporter（弱转运型）</p>
            <p>IT: Intermediate Transporter（中间转运型）</p>
            <p>UT: Ultra-rapid Transporter（超快转运型）</p>
            <p>CV: Coefficient of Variation（变异系数）</p>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="section">
        <h2>9. 数据来源与参考文献</h2>
        <ol>
            <li>Johnson, T. N., et al. (2005). Changes in liver volume from birth to adulthood: A meta-analysis. Liver Transplantation, 11(12), 1481–1493.</li>
            <li>Barter, Z. E., et al. (2007). Scaling factors for the extrapolation of in vivo metabolic drug clearance from in vitro data: reaching a consensus on values of human microsomal protein and hepatocellularity per gram of liver. Current Drug Metabolism, 8(1), 33–45.</li>
            <li>Barter, Z. E., et al. (2008). Covariation of human microsomal protein per gram of liver with age. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 36(12), 2405–2409.</li>
            <li>Simcyp Simulator (Version 20). Certara, Sheffield, UK.</li>
            <li>Rostami-Hodjegan, A. (2012). Physiologically based pharmacokinetics joined with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of ADME: a marriage under the arch of systems pharmacology. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 92(1), 50-61.</li>
            <li>Zanger, U. M., & Schwab, M. (2013). Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 138(1), 103-141.</li>
            <li>Rowland Yeo, K., et al. (2011). Prediction of time-dependent CYP3A4 drug-drug interactions by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling: impact of induction on victim drugs. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 39(9), 1430-1438.</li>
            <li>Giacomini, K. M., et al. (2010). Membrane transporters in drug development. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 9(3), 215-236.</li>
            <li>Rowland, A., et al. (2013). UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: their role in drug metabolism and detoxification. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 45(6), 1121-1132.</li>
        </ol>
    </div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>10. 肾脏生理参数</h2>
    
    <h3>10.1 肾脏功能参数计算模块</h3>
    <p>肾脏功能评估主要通过血清肌酐(SCr)和肾小球滤过率(eGFR)两个关键指标来实现。本模块提供了两种SCr计算方式和两种eGFR计算公式。</p>
    
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>Input</th>
            <th>Unit<sub>in</sub></th>
            <th>Life Cycle</th>
            <th>Ethnicity</th>
            <th>Sex</th>
            <th>Note</th>
            <th>Formula</th>
            <th>R<sup>2</sup></th>
            <th>Output_tag</th>
            <th>Output</th>
            <th>Unit<sub>out</sub></th>
            <th>Reference</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;WT;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;Kg;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>M</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>(140 - Age) * WT / (72 * Scr)</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>Cockcroft-Gault</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;WT;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;Kg;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>F</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>(140 - Age) * WT * 0.85 / (72 * Scr)</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>Cockcroft-Gault</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age</td>
            <td>Year</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>M</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>0.2957*Age<sup>2</sup>-1.3391*Age+79.418</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>umol/L</td>
            <td>Simcyp</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age</td>
            <td>Year</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>F</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>0.1952*Age<sup>2</sup>-0.0049*Age+57.985</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>umol/L</td>
            <td>Simcyp</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>umol/L</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>SCr(umol/L)/88.4</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>mg/dL</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>M</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>175*(Scr)<sup>(-1.154)</sup>*Age<sup>(-2.023)</sup></td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>MDRD</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>F</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>175*(Scr)<sup>(-1.154)</sup>*Age<sup>(-2.023)</sup>*0.742</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>MDRD</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>10.2 肾功能评估方法说明</h3>
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>血清肌酐(SCr)计算方法：</strong></p>
        <ol>
            <li><strong>基于年龄的预测公式：</strong> 根据年龄和性别预测SCr值，适用于缺乏实测数据的情况。</li>
            <li><strong>单位转换：</strong> 在国际单位(umol/L)和传统单位(mg/dL)之间进行转换，转换系数为88.4。</li>
        </ol>
        
        <p><strong>肾小球滤过率(eGFR)计算公式：</strong></p>
        <ol>
            <li><strong>Cockcroft-Gault公式：</strong> 考虑了年龄、体重、性别和血清肌酐，适用于临床药物剂量调整。</li>
            <li><strong>MDRD公式：</strong> 简化的肾小球滤过率估算公式，不需要体重数据，广泛应用于慢性肾病分期。</li>
        </ol>
        
        <p><strong>使用建议：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>对于药物剂量调整，建议优先使用Cockcroft-Gault公式。</li>
            <li>对于肾功能评估和慢性肾病分期，建议使用MDRD公式。</li>
            <li>在可能的情况下，应使用实测的血清肌酐值，而非预测值。</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>10.3 肾功能分级标准</h3>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>肾功能分级</th>
            <th>eGFR (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
            <th>临床意义</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>正常或高</td>
            <td>≥90</td>
            <td>肾功能正常或增高</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>轻度下降</td>
            <td>60-89</td>
            <td>轻度肾功能损伤</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>中度下降</td>
            <td>30-59</td>
            <td>中度肾功能损伤</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>重度下降</td>
            <td>15-29</td>
            <td>重度肾功能损伤</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾衰竭</td>
            <td><15</td>
            <td>终末期肾病，可能需要透析或肾移植</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>10. 肾脏生理参数</h2>
    
    <h3>10.1 肾脏功能参数计算模块</h3>
    <p>肾脏功能评估主要通过血清肌酐(SCr)和肾小球滤过率(eGFR)两个关键指标来实现。本模块提供了两种SCr计算方式和两种eGFR计算公式。</p>
    
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>Input</th>
            <th>Unit<sub>in</sub></th>
            <th>Life Cycle</th>
            <th>Ethnicity</th>
            <th>Sex</th>
            <th>Note</th>
            <th>Formula</th>
            <th>R<sup>2</sup></th>
            <th>Output_tag</th>
            <th>Output</th>
            <th>Unit<sub>out</sub></th>
            <th>Reference</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;WT;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;Kg;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>M</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>(140 - Age) * WT / (72 * Scr)</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>Cockcroft-Gault</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;WT;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;Kg;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>F</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>(140 - Age) * WT * 0.85 / (72 * Scr)</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>Cockcroft-Gault</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age</td>
            <td>Year</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>M</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>0.2957*Age<sup>2</sup>-1.3391*Age+79.418</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>umol/L</td>
            <td>Simcyp</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age</td>
            <td>Year</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>F</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>0.1952*Age<sup>2</sup>-0.0049*Age+57.985</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>umol/L</td>
            <td>Simcyp</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>umol/L</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>SCr(umol/L)/88.4</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>SCr</td>
            <td>mg/dL</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>M</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>175*(Scr)<sup>(-1.154)</sup>*Age<sup>(-2.023)</sup></td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>MDRD</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>Age;Scr</td>
            <td>Year;mg/dL</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>General</td>
            <td>F</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>175*(Scr)<sup>(-1.154)</sup>*Age<sup>(-2.023)</sup>*0.742</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>Kidney</td>
            <td>eGFR</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
            <td>MDRD</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>10.2 肾功能评估方法说明</h3>
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>血清肌酐(SCr)计算方法：</strong></p>
        <ol>
            <li><strong>基于年龄的预测公式：</strong> 根据年龄和性别预测SCr值，适用于缺乏实测数据的情况。</li>
            <li><strong>单位转换：</strong> 在国际单位(umol/L)和传统单位(mg/dL)之间进行转换，转换系数为88.4。</li>
        </ol>
        
        <p><strong>肾小球滤过率(eGFR)计算公式：</strong></p>
        <ol>
            <li><strong>Cockcroft-Gault公式：</strong> 考虑了年龄、体重、性别和血清肌酐，适用于临床药物剂量调整。</li>
            <li><strong>MDRD公式：</strong> 简化的肾小球滤过率估算公式，不需要体重数据，广泛应用于慢性肾病分期。</li>
        </ol>
        
        <p><strong>使用建议：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>对于药物剂量调整，建议优先使用Cockcroft-Gault公式。</li>
            <li>对于肾功能评估和慢性肾病分期，建议使用MDRD公式。</li>
            <li>在可能的情况下，应使用实测的血清肌酐值，而非预测值。</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>10.3 肾功能分级标准</h3>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>肾功能分级</th>
            <th>eGFR (mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
            <th>临床意义</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>正常或高</td>
            <td>≥90</td>
            <td>肾功能正常或增高</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>轻度下降</td>
            <td>60-89</td>
            <td>轻度肾功能损伤</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>中度下降</td>
            <td>30-59</td>
            <td>中度肾功能损伤</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>重度下降</td>
            <td>15-29</td>
            <td>重度肾功能损伤</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾衰竭</td>
            <td><15</td>
            <td>终末期肾病，可能需要透析或肾移植</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
</div>
<h3>10.9 肾脏转运体丰度和周转率常数</h3>
<table>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th rowspan="2">转运体</th>
        <th>绝对丰度</th>
        <th colspan="8">相对丰度及变异系数</th>
        <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
    </tr>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th>(pmol/10<sup>6</sup> cells)</th>
        <th>ET</th>
        <th>ET CV (%)</th>
        <th>PT</th>
        <th>PT CV (%)</th>
        <th>IT</th>
        <th>IT CV (%)</th>
        <th>UT</th>
        <th>UT CV (%)</th>
        <th>周转率常数 (1/h)</th>
        <th>CV (%)</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
        <td>0.82</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>74</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.054</td>
        <td>28</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
        <td>0.33</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>62</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
        <td>0.27</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>80</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
        <td>0.12</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>59</td>
        <td>0.37</td>
        <td>59</td>
        <td>0.67</td>
        <td>59</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC10A2 (ASBT)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC19A2 (THTR1)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC19A3 (THTR2)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLCO4C1 (OATP4C1)</td>
        <td>0.89</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>106</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A2 (OCT2)</td>
        <td>2.12</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>66</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A4 (OCTN1)</td>
        <td>0.36</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>68</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A5 (OCTN2)</td>
        <td>0.27</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>121</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A6 (OAT1)</td>
        <td>1.55</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>62</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
        <td>0.26</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>38</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A8 (OAT3)</td>
        <td>1.32</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>85</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A11 (OAT4)</td>
        <td>0.21</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>177</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC22A12 (URAT1)</td>
        <td>13.7</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>51</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC47A1 (MATE1)</td>
        <td>2.56</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>107</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC47A2 (MATE2-K)</td>
        <td>0.35</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>100</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>SLC51A/B (OST-α/β)</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>53</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Apical Uptake (Kidney)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Apical Efflux (Kidney)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Basal Uptake (Kidney)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Basal Efflux (Kidney)</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
</table>

<div class="note">
    <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
    <p>ET: Extensive Transporter（正常转运型）</p>
    <p>PT: Poor Transporter（弱转运型）</p>
    <p>IT: Intermediate Transporter（中间转运型）</p>
    <p>UT: Ultra-rapid Transporter（超快转运型）</p>
    <p>CV: Coefficient of Variation（变异系数）</p>
    
    <p><strong>肾脏转运体主要功能：</strong></p>
    <ul>
        <li><strong>OAT (有机阴离子转运体):</strong> 主要负责肾脏对有机阴离子药物的摄取</li>
        <li><strong>OCT (有机阳离子转运体):</strong> 主要负责肾脏对有机阳离子药物的摄取</li>
        <li><strong>MATE (多药及毒素排出蛋白):</strong> 主要负责将药物从肾小管细胞排出到尿液中</li>
        <li><strong>P-gp (P-糖蛋白):</strong> 主要负责将药物从肾小管细胞排出到尿液中</li>
        <li><strong>MRP (多药耐药相关蛋白):</strong> 主要负责将药物和药物代谢物从肾小管细胞排出</li>
        <li><strong>BCRP (乳腺癌耐药蛋白):</strong> 主要负责将药物从肾小管细胞排出到尿液中</li>
    </ul>
</div>
<h3>10.10 肾脏UGT酶表达数据</h3>
<table>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th rowspan="2">酶</th>
        <th>绝对丰度</th>
        <th>种群相对丰度</th>
        <th colspan="8">相对丰度或探针活性及变异系数</th>
        <th colspan="2">周转率</th>
    </tr>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th>(pmol/mg-protein)</th>
        <th>(相对于HV EM)</th>
        <th>EM</th>
        <th>EM CV(%)</th>
        <th>PM</th>
        <th>PM CV(%)</th>
        <th>IM</th>
        <th>IM CV(%)</th>
        <th>UM</th>
        <th>UM CV(%)</th>
        <th>周转率常数 (1/h)</th>
        <th>CV (%)</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A1</td>
        <td>10.8</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>24</td>
        <td>0.42</td>
        <td>50.8</td>
        <td>0.72</td>
        <td>39.9</td>
        <td>1.46</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0.0578</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A3</td>
        <td>0.69</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>72</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.5</td>
        <td>72</td>
        <td>5.3</td>
        <td>72</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A4</td>
        <td>13</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>26</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A5</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A6</td>
        <td>5</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A7</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A8</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A9</td>
        <td>7.8</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT1A10</td>
        <td>0.005</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT2B4</td>
        <td>13.5</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>28</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT2B7</td>
        <td>17.8</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30.4</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT2B10</td>
        <td>1.6</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT2B11</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT2B15</td>
        <td>9.8</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>34</td>
        <td>0.07</td>
        <td>33</td>
        <td>0.47</td>
        <td>37</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT2B17</td>
        <td>1.5</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>28</td>
        <td>0.08</td>
        <td>40</td>
        <td>0.16</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>UGT2B28</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>1.00E-06</td>
        <td>30</td>
    </tr>
</table>

<div class="note">
    <p><strong>肾脏UGT酶表达特点：</strong></p>
    <ul>
        <li>肾脏UGT酶的表达量通常低于肝脏，约为肝脏表达量的25%（种群相对丰度0.25）</li>
        <li>在肾脏中，UGT1A9、UGT2B7和UGT2B4是表达最丰富的亚型</li>
        <li>肾脏UGT酶主要参与内源性物质和药物的葡萄糖醛酸化代谢</li>
        <li>肾脏UGT酶代谢活性对于水溶性药物代谢物的进一步修饰和排泄具有重要意义</li>
    </ul>
    
    <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
    <p>EM: Extensive Metabolizer（广泛代谢型）</p>
    <p>PM: Poor Metabolizer（弱代谢型）</p>
    <p>IM: Intermediate Metabolizer（中间代谢型）</p>
    <p>UM: Ultra-rapid Metabolizer（超快代谢型）</p>
    <p>CV: Coefficient of Variation（变异系数）</p>
</div>

<h3>10.11 肾脏CYP酶表达数据</h3>
<table>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th rowspan="2">酶</th>
        <th>绝对丰度</th>
        <th colspan="8">相对丰度及变异系数</th>
        <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
    </tr>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th>(pmol/mg-protein)</th>
        <th>EM</th>
        <th>EM CV (%)</th>
        <th>PM</th>
        <th>PM CV (%)</th>
        <th>IM</th>
        <th>IM CV (%)</th>
        <th>UM</th>
        <th>UM CV (%)</th>
        <th>周转率常数 (1/h)</th>
        <th>CV (%)</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP1A1</td>
        <td>0.25</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>118</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0183</td>
        <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP1A2</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0183</td>
        <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP2B6</td>
        <td>0.67</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>63</td>
        <td>0.2</td>
        <td>85</td>
        <td>0.75</td>
        <td>105</td>
        <td>1.15</td>
        <td>128</td>
        <td>0.0217</td>
        <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP2C8</td>
        <td>0.77</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>75</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0301</td>
        <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP2C9</td>
        <td>8.8</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>55</td>
        <td>0.46</td>
        <td>88</td>
        <td>0.88</td>
        <td>81</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0067</td>
        <td>56</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP2E1</td>
        <td>12.4</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>68</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0176</td>
        <td>63</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP3A4</td>
        <td>12</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>33</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0193</td>
        <td>68</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP3A5</td>
        <td>8.2</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>68</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0193</td>
        <td>68</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>CYP4A11</td>
        <td>15.3</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>60</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0.0193</td>
        <td>68</td>
    </tr>
</table>

<div class="note">
    <p><strong>肾脏CYP酶表达特点：</strong></p>
    <ul>
        <li>肾脏CYP酶的表达量通常低于肝脏，但某些亚型如CYP4A11在肾脏中表达丰富</li>
        <li>CYP2E1、CYP3A4和CYP4A11是肾脏中主要表达的CYP酶亚型</li>
        <li>肾脏CYP酶参与多种内源性物质的代谢，如花生四烯酸代谢和维生素D的羟基化</li>
        <li>肾脏CYP酶还参与某些药物的局部代谢，可能影响药物的肾毒性</li>
    </ul>
    
    <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
    <p>EM: Extensive Metabolizer（广泛代谢型）</p>
    <p>PM: Poor Metabolizer（弱代谢型）</p>
    <p>IM: Intermediate Metabolizer（中间代谢型）</p>
    <p>UM: Ultra-rapid Metabolizer（超快代谢型）</p>
    <p>CV: Coefficient of Variation（变异系数）</p>
</div>
<h3>10.12 用户自定义细胞质酶数据</h3>
<table>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th rowspan="2">酶</th>
        <th colspan="8">相对丰度及变异系数</th>
    </tr>
    <tr class="header-row">
        <th>EM</th>
        <th>EM CV (%)</th>
        <th>PM</th>
        <th>PM CV (%)</th>
        <th>IM</th>
        <th>IM CV (%)</th>
        <th>UM</th>
        <th>UM CV (%)</th>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>User Cyt1</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>User Cyt2</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>User Cyt3</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>User Cyt4</td>
        <td>1</td>
        <td>30</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
        <td>0</td>
    </tr>
</table>

<div class="note">
    <p><strong>用户自定义细胞质酶说明：</strong></p>
    <ul>
        <li>此表格用于记录用户自定义的细胞质酶数据</li>
        <li>用户可以根据特定研究需求定义最多4种不同的细胞质酶</li>
        <li>默认情况下，所有用户自定义酶的EM表型相对丰度设为1，变异系数设为30%</li>
        <li>其他表型(PM、IM、UM)默认设置为0，表示未定义</li>
        <li>用户可以根据实验数据或文献报道修改这些值</li>
    </ul>
    
    <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
    <p>EM: Extensive Metabolizer（广泛代谢型）</p>
    <p>PM: Poor Metabolizer（弱代谢型）</p>
    <p>IM: Intermediate Metabolizer（中间代谢型）</p>
    <p>UM: Ultra-rapid Metabolizer（超快代谢型）</p>
    <p>CV: Coefficient of Variation（变异系数）</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>11. 胃肠道生理参数</h2>
    
    <h3>11.1 胃肠道停留时间</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">胃肠道部位</th>
            <th rowspan="2">条件</th>
            <th rowspan="2">平均值 (小时)</th>
            <th rowspan="2">CV (%)</th>
            <th colspan="3">Weibull分布参数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>α</th>
            <th>β</th>
            <th>平均值 (小时)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胃</td>
            <td>空腹</td>
            <td>0.49</td>
            <td>35.1</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胃</td>
            <td>餐后</td>
            <td>2.07</td>
            <td>18.5</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>小肠</td>
            <td></td>
            <td>3.6035</td>
            <td>39.93</td>
            <td>2.92</td>
            <td>4.04</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>结肠</td>
            <td>空腹</td>
            <td>24</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.2 流体和溶解药物平均停留时间(MRT)</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">胃肠道部位</th>
            <th colspan="2">空腹</th>
            <th colspan="2">高脂餐后</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值 (小时)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值 (小时)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胃 (滞留时间)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胃 (MRT)</td>
            <td>0.27</td>
            <td>36</td>
            <td>1.18</td>
            <td>46.65</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>小肠</td>
            <td>3.4</td>
            <td>9.19</td>
            <td>4.73</td>
            <td>34.67</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>整个结肠</td>
            <td>37.11</td>
            <td>47</td>
            <td>52.87</td>
            <td>47</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>升结肠</td>
            <td>18.91</td>
            <td>47</td>
            <td>23.11</td>
            <td>47</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.3 餐食相关液体体积</h3>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>附加信息</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>食物相关液体总体积 (mL)</td>
            <td>531.07</td>
            <td>15</td>
            <td>高脂餐后</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>进餐耗时 (Tet) (小时)</td>
            <td>0.335</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>零阶填充速率 (mL/小时)</td>
            <td>1585.3</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胃最大容积 (mL)</td>
            <td>4000</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胃排空半衰期数量</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.4 肠道解剖结构参数</h3>
    
    <h4>11.4.1 肠道总长度 (m)</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>部位</th>
            <th>男性平均值</th>
            <th>男性 CV (%)</th>
            <th>女性平均值</th>
            <th>女性 CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>小肠</td>
            <td>5.32</td>
            <td>20.45</td>
            <td>5.16</td>
            <td>19.33</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>结肠</td>
            <td>1.26</td>
            <td>12.25</td>
            <td>1.33</td>
            <td>11.81</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.4.2 小肠各段长度比例</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>部位</th>
            <th>占小肠总长度比例</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>十二指肠</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空肠</td>
            <td>0.35</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>回肠</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.4.3 肠道直径 (m)</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>部位</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>十二指肠</td>
            <td>0.022</td>
            <td>23.94</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>结肠</td>
            <td>0.04</td>
            <td>24.58</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.4.4 区域直径比例</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>比例</th>
            <th>值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空肠/十二指肠</td>
            <td>0.94</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>回肠/十二指肠</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.5 肠道细胞学参数</h3>
    
    <h4>11.5.1 肠上皮细胞高度</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>最小值</th>
            <th>最大值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>小肠肠上皮细胞高度 (μm)</td>
            <td>29.8</td>
            <td>11</td>
            <td>20</td>
            <td>40</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>结肠肠上皮细胞高度 (μm)</td>
            <td>29.8</td>
            <td>11</td>
            <td>20</td>
            <td>40</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.5.2 肠上皮细胞体积</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值 (L)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>小肠肠上皮细胞体积</td>
            <td>0.164429</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>结肠肠上皮细胞体积</td>
            <td>0.017973</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.6 肠道运动参数</h3>
    
    <h4>11.6.1 IMMC周期时间</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>IMMC周期时间 (小时)</td>
            <td>1.55</td>
            <td>55</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.6.2 肠上皮细胞嵌套酶模型 (NEWE)</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肠上皮细胞寿命 (小时)</td>
            <td>120</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肠上皮细胞组数</td>
            <td>100</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.7 酶和蛋白丰度</h3>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SPPI (mg/小肠)</td>
            <td>5320</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>用户 SPPI (mg/小肠)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>MPPI (mg/小肠)</td>
            <td>2978</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>MPPC (mg/结肠)</td>
            <td>923</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CPPI (mg/小肠)</td>
            <td>2342</td>
            <td>31</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>TMEPPI (mg/小肠)</td>
            <td>6399</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>TMEPPC (mg/结肠)</td>
            <td>184</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>酶和蛋白丰度缩写说明：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>SPPI: Small intestinal Protein Per Intestine (小肠总蛋白)</li>
            <li>MPPI: Microsomal Protein Per Intestine (小肠微粒体蛋白)</li>
            <li>MPPC: Microsomal Protein Per Colon (结肠微粒体蛋白)</li>
            <li>CPPI: Cytosolic Protein Per Intestine (小肠细胞质蛋白)</li>
            <li>TMEPPI: Total Mucosal Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Per Intestine (小肠粘膜内质网总蛋白)</li>
            <li>TMEPPC: Total Mucosal Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Per Colon (结肠粘膜内质网总蛋白)</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>11.8 CYP酶基因型数据</h3>
    
    <h4>11.8.1 CYP2C9基因型</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>基因型</th>
            <th>频率</th>
            <th>平均丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>周转率平均值 (1/h)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*1</td>
            <td>0.9344</td>
            <td>14.1</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>20</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*2</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>13.7</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>20</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*3</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>11.5</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>20</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*2/*2</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>9.7</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>20</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*2/*3</td>
            <td>0.000294</td>
            <td>7.1</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>20</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*3/*3</td>
            <td>0.00231</td>
            <td>4.6</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>20</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.8.2 CYP2B6基因型</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>基因型</th>
            <th>频率</th>
            <th>平均丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>周转率平均值 (1/h)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*1</td>
            <td>0.597</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*2</td>
            <td>0.137</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*4</td>
            <td>0.085</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*5</td>
            <td>0.002</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*1/*6</td>
            <td>0.233</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>*6/*6</td>
            <td>0.046</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.9 肠道各段参数分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP 3A (总 %)</td>
            <td>13.76</td>
            <td>27.24</td>
            <td>27.24</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SPPI (总 %)</td>
            <td>14.88</td>
            <td>26.9</td>
            <td>26.9</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>MPPI (总 %)</td>
            <td>13.76</td>
            <td>27.24</td>
            <td>27.24</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
            <td>7.94</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CPPI (总 %)</td>
            <td>14.88</td>
            <td>26.9</td>
            <td>26.9</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
            <td>7.83</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>血流量 (Qint, %)</td>
            <td>10.518</td>
            <td>35.944</td>
            <td>24.786</td>
            <td>7.3165</td>
            <td>7.3165</td>
            <td>7.1978</td>
            <td>6.921</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通过时间 (总 %)</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>17.5</td>
            <td>17.5</td>
            <td>15</td>
            <td>15</td>
            <td>15</td>
            <td>15</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.10 水和离子参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>离子积 (Kw) (10<sup>-14</sup> mol<sup>2</sup>/dm<sup>6</sup>)</td>
            <td>2.4</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>水中 H<sup>+</sup> 扩散系数 (10<sup>-4</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/min)</td>
            <td>6.94</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>水中 OH<sup>-</sup> 扩散系数 (10<sup>-4</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/min)</td>
            <td>7.2</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>水浓度 (mM)</td>
            <td>55560</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.11 胃肠道pH值</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>条件</th>
            <th>胃</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 pH</td>
            <td>1.5</td>
            <td>6.4</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.6</td>
            <td>6.8</td>
            <td>7.0</td>
            <td>7.1</td>
            <td>7.3</td>
            <td>6.6</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 CV (%)</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>16</td>
            <td>13</td>
            <td>11</td>
            <td>10</td>
            <td>10</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>6</td>
            <td>13</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 pH</td>
            <td>5.0</td>
            <td>5.4</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.6</td>
            <td>6.8</td>
            <td>7.0</td>
            <td>7.1</td>
            <td>7.3</td>
            <td>6.33</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 CV (%)</td>
            <td>25</td>
            <td>11</td>
            <td>13</td>
            <td>11</td>
            <td>10</td>
            <td>10</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>6</td>
            <td>12</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.12 胃肠道缓冲液浓度</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>条件</th>
            <th>胃</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 (mM)</td>
            <td>7.3</td>
            <td>6.53</td>
            <td>9.94</td>
            <td>9.94</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>90.87</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 (mM)</td>
            <td>42.46</td>
            <td>34.19</td>
            <td>17.34</td>
            <td>17.34</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>44.43</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.13 碳酸盐系统参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>备注</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>pKa 1</td>
            <td>6.05</td>
            <td>酸性</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>pKa 2</td>
            <td>9.79</td>
            <td>37°C测量，离子强度0.15 M</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>pKa 1 (有效)</td>
            <td>4.2</td>
            <td>有效酸性pKa</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>pKa 2 (重复)</td>
            <td>9.79</td>
            <td>同上</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>物种</th>
            <th>扩散系数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>H₂CO₃</td>
            <td>17.72</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>HCO₃⁻</td>
            <td>9.85</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CO₂</td>
            <td>6.98</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.14 胃肠道扩散系数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>条件</th>
            <th>胃</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 (m/s)</td>
            <td>0.032</td>
            <td>0.005</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 (m/s)</td>
            <td>0.032</td>
            <td>0.005</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
            <td>0.0013</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
            <td>56</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.15 胃肠道离子浓度</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>离子</th>
            <th>胃</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
            <th>胃 CV (%)</th>
            <th>小肠 CV (%)</th>
            <th>结肠 CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>氯离子 (Cl⁻) 平均值</td>
            <td>102</td>
            <td>102.4</td>
            <td>126</td>
            <td>126</td>
            <td>113.3</td>
            <td>100.5</td>
            <td>84</td>
            <td>67.4</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>27.5</td>
            <td>15.1</td>
            <td>13</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>氯离子最小值</td>
            <td>48</td>
            <td>64.6</td>
            <td>92</td>
            <td>92</td>
            <td>80.4</td>
            <td>71.4</td>
            <td>59.6</td>
            <td>58</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>氯离子最大值</td>
            <td>173</td>
            <td>158.8</td>
            <td>181</td>
            <td>181</td>
            <td>157.5</td>
            <td>139.7</td>
            <td>116.7</td>
            <td>79</td>
            <td>20</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钠离子 (Na⁺) 平均值</td>
            <td>68</td>
            <td>118.4</td>
            <td>142</td>
            <td>142</td>
            <td>136.3</td>
            <td>130.5</td>
            <td>128.9</td>
            <td>127.2</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>42.6</td>
            <td>9.2</td>
            <td>42</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钠离子最小值</td>
            <td>19</td>
            <td>89.6</td>
            <td>111</td>
            <td>111</td>
            <td>107.4</td>
            <td>102.8</td>
            <td>101.5</td>
            <td>112</td>
            <td>6</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钠离子最大值</td>
            <td>122</td>
            <td>155.1</td>
            <td>165</td>
            <td>165</td>
            <td>171.8</td>
            <td>164.6</td>
            <td>162.5</td>
            <td>138</td>
            <td>93</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钾离子 (K⁺) 平均值</td>
            <td>13.4</td>
            <td>11.2</td>
            <td>5.4</td>
            <td>5.4</td>
            <td>6.1</td>
            <td>6.7</td>
            <td>6.3</td>
            <td>5.9</td>
            <td>77</td>
            <td>22.4</td>
            <td>38.9</td>
            <td>11</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钾离子最小值</td>
            <td>8.4</td>
            <td>3.4</td>
            <td>1.7</td>
            <td>1.7</td>
            <td>4.6</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>4.7</td>
            <td>5.3</td>
            <td>40</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钾离子最大值</td>
            <td>19.3</td>
            <td>32.1</td>
            <td>11.6</td>
            <td>11.6</td>
            <td>8</td>
            <td>8.8</td>
            <td>8.3</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>108</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钙离子 (Ca²⁺) 平均值</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>20</td>
            <td>33.3</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>34</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钙离子最小值</td>
            <td>0.3</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>钙离子最大值</td>
            <td>1.2</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>85</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通用阳离子 (x-) 平均值</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通用阳离子最小值</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通用阳离子最大值</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通用阴离子 (X) 平均值</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通用阴离子最小值</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通用阴离子最大值</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.16 胃肠道胆汁浓度</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>胃</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 CMC (mM)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹胆汁浓度 (mM)</td>
            <td>0.34</td>
            <td>3.31</td>
            <td>2.3</td>
            <td>3.55</td>
            <td>1.25</td>
            <td>1.25</td>
            <td>1.25</td>
            <td>1.25</td>
            <td>0.12</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹胆汁浓度 CV (%)</td>
            <td>134</td>
            <td>97</td>
            <td>100</td>
            <td>42</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>104</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 CMC (mM)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后胆汁浓度 (mM)</td>
            <td>0.34</td>
            <td>8.74</td>
            <td>10.03</td>
            <td>4.79</td>
            <td>5.86</td>
            <td>8.61</td>
            <td>8.06</td>
            <td>5.96</td>
            <td>0.59</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后胆汁浓度 CV (%)</td>
            <td>216.7</td>
            <td>79</td>
            <td>73</td>
            <td>66</td>
            <td>84</td>
            <td>88</td>
            <td>65</td>
            <td>65</td>
            <td>70</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>CMC: 临界胶束浓度 (Critical Micelle Concentration)</li>
            <li>胆汁浓度在餐后状态下显著增加，尤其是在十二指肠和空肠部分</li>
            <li>胆汁有助于脂溶性药物的溶解和吸收</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>11.17 肠道绒毛参数</h3>
    
    <h4>11.17.1 小肠绒毛</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>区域</th>
            <th></th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">通道深度 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>522.78</td>
            <td>448.81</td>
            <td>448.81</td>
            <td>289.94</td>
            <td>289.94</td>
            <td>289.94</td>
            <td>289.94</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>32.72</td>
            <td>21.82</td>
            <td>21.82</td>
            <td>49.37</td>
            <td>49.37</td>
            <td>49.37</td>
            <td>49.37</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">通道宽度 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>28.03</td>
            <td>22.44</td>
            <td>22.44</td>
            <td>56.19</td>
            <td>56.19</td>
            <td>56.19</td>
            <td>56.19</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>28.69</td>
            <td>31.68</td>
            <td>31.68</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">通道厚度 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>128.35</td>
            <td>137.7</td>
            <td>137.7</td>
            <td>127</td>
            <td>127</td>
            <td>127</td>
            <td>127</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>8.1</td>
            <td>14.42</td>
            <td>14.42</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.17.2 环形褶皱</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>区域</th>
            <th></th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">褶皱扩展 (%)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.97</td>
            <td>1.38</td>
            <td>1.1</td>
            <td>1.1</td>
            <td>1.08</td>
            <td>1.04</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>20.54</td>
            <td>20.19</td>
            <td>9.15</td>
            <td>9.15</td>
            <td>16.07</td>
            <td>12.4</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.17.3 结肠隐窝</h4>
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>区域</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>最小值</th>
            <th>最大值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>褶皱扩展</td>
            <td>3.6</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>6.84</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>11.17.4 旁细胞通道</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>区域</th>
            <th></th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">孔径 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
            <td>8.6</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>旁细胞标量</td>
            <td>0.000039</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>孔电梯度电位降 (mV)</td>
            <td>-64.145</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.18 胃肠道黏液层参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th></th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="4">总厚度 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>170</td>
            <td>123</td>
            <td>123</td>
            <td>480</td>
            <td>480</td>
            <td>480</td>
            <td>480</td>
            <td>830</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最小值</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>94</td>
            <td>94</td>
            <td>165</td>
            <td>165</td>
            <td>165</td>
            <td>165</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最大值</td>
            <td>472</td>
            <td>152</td>
            <td>152</td>
            <td>795</td>
            <td>795</td>
            <td>795</td>
            <td>795</td>
            <td>1924</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>59.14</td>
            <td>7.97</td>
            <td>7.97</td>
            <td>21.89</td>
            <td>21.89</td>
            <td>21.89</td>
            <td>21.89</td>
            <td>43.96</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="4">紧密黏液 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>16</td>
            <td>15</td>
            <td>15</td>
            <td>29</td>
            <td>29</td>
            <td>29</td>
            <td>29</td>
            <td>116</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最小值</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最大值</td>
            <td>40</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>97</td>
            <td>97</td>
            <td>97</td>
            <td>97</td>
            <td>623</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>49.61</td>
            <td>32.66</td>
            <td>32.66</td>
            <td>78.03</td>
            <td>78.03</td>
            <td>78.03</td>
            <td>78.03</td>
            <td>145.82</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="3">松散黏液 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>154</td>
            <td>108</td>
            <td>108</td>
            <td>451</td>
            <td>451</td>
            <td>451</td>
            <td>451</td>
            <td>714</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最小值</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>136</td>
            <td>136</td>
            <td>136</td>
            <td>136</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最大值</td>
            <td>464</td>
            <td>145</td>
            <td>145</td>
            <td>766</td>
            <td>766</td>
            <td>766</td>
            <td>766</td>
            <td>1799</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">紧密黏液孔径 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
            <td>0.102</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
            <td>18.3</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">松散黏液孔径 (μm)</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
            <td>2.27</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
            <td>34.72</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">紧密黏液水分比例</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>0.87</td>
            <td>0.81</td>
            <td>0.81</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.92</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>4.72</td>
            <td>4.13</td>
            <td>4.13</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>2.57</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">松散黏液水分比例</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>0.87</td>
            <td>0.81</td>
            <td>0.81</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>0.92</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>4.72</td>
            <td>4.13</td>
            <td>4.13</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>2.57</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">黏液层pH</td>
            <td>平均值</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.19 胃肠道黏度</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="2">条件</th>
            <th>胃</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">空腹</td>
            <td>平均值 (cP)</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">餐后</td>
            <td>平均值 (cP)</td>
            <td>232</td>
            <td>65</td>
            <td>33</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>9</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>32</td>
            <td>27</td>
            <td>36</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>2</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>71</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>cP: 厘泊 (centipoise)，黏度单位</li>
            <li>餐后状态下，胃和近端小肠的黏度显著增加</li>
            <li>黏度增加可能影响药物的溶解速率和扩散速率</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>11.20 胃肠道基础液体体积</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="3">区域</th>
            <th colspan="2">胃</th>
            <th colspan="2">空肠至回肠IV总计</th>
            <th colspan="2">结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="3">条件</th>
            <th>空腹</th>
            <th>餐后</th>
            <th>空腹</th>
            <th>餐后</th>
            <th>空腹</th>
            <th>餐后</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="3">平均值 (mL)</td>
            <td>50</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>105</td>
            <td>105</td>
            <td>13</td>
            <td>13</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="3">CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>区域</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>空肠至回肠IV总计</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹平均值 (mL)</td>
            <td>34.45</td>
            <td>21.1</td>
            <td>21.1</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>92.6</td>
            <td>13</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 CV (%)</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td>37</td>
            <td>44</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后平均值 (mL)</td>
            <td>34.45</td>
            <td>21.1</td>
            <td>21.1</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>12.6</td>
            <td>92.6</td>
            <td>13</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 CV (%)</td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td></td>
            <td>37</td>
            <td>4.4</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.21 胃肠道内容物重量</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>条件</th>
            <th>胃</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 (克)</td>
            <td>50</td>
            <td>34</td>
            <td>23</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>133.29</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>空腹 CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>62.2</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 (克)</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>34</td>
            <td>23</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>133.29</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>餐后 CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>62.2</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>11.22 胃肠道转运体相对丰度</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>转运体/蛋白</th>
            <th>十二指肠</th>
            <th>空肠 I</th>
            <th>空肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 I</th>
            <th>回肠 II</th>
            <th>回肠 III</th>
            <th>回肠 IV</th>
            <th>结肠</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
            <td>0.51</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.46</td>
            <td>0.86</td>
            <td>0.86</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.93</td>
            <td>0.57</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>1.41</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>0.02</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
            <td>2.15</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>1.54</td>
            <td>1.54</td>
            <td>1.6</td>
            <td>1.6</td>
            <td>5.95</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>1.02</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.22</td>
            <td>1.71</td>
            <td>1.71</td>
            <td>1.2</td>
            <td>1.2</td>
            <td>1.76</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2A1 (OATP2A1/PGT)</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0.78</td>
            <td>0.78</td>
            <td>0.78</td>
            <td>0.78</td>
            <td>0.57</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1A2 (OATP1A2/SR-BI)</td>
            <td>16.49</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>4</td>
            <td>98.44</td>
            <td>98.44</td>
            <td>109.18</td>
            <td>106</td>
            <td>1.1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC15A1 (PepT1)</td>
            <td>0.94</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.06</td>
            <td>1.23</td>
            <td>1.23</td>
            <td>1.24</td>
            <td>1.24</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
            <td>1.25</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.29</td>
            <td>1.29</td>
            <td>1.29</td>
            <td>1.29</td>
            <td>4.72</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
            <td>0.73</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.04</td>
            <td>1.28</td>
            <td>1.28</td>
            <td>1.28</td>
            <td>1.28</td>
            <td>1.06</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO3A1 (OATP3A1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO4A1 (OATP4A1)</td>
            <td>1.03</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0.87</td>
            <td>1.29</td>
            <td>1.29</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>2.77</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2A3 (OAT3)</td>
            <td>1.19</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.11</td>
            <td>1.08</td>
            <td>1.08</td>
            <td>1.23</td>
            <td>1.23</td>
            <td>1.88</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO4C1 (OAT4)</td>
            <td>0.46</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0.43</td>
            <td>0.78</td>
            <td>0.78</td>
            <td>0.8</td>
            <td>0.8</td>
            <td>0.24</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1A2 (OATP1A2/SR-BI)</td>
            <td>0.56</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1.89</td>
            <td>1.08</td>
            <td>1.08</td>
            <td>0.93</td>
            <td>0.93</td>
            <td>0.71</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>顶端内流</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基底外侧内流</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基底外侧外流</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>表中数值为相对于空肠I段的相对丰度</li>
            <li>P-gp (ABCB1) 在远端肠道表达增加，在空肠II段达到峰值</li>
            <li>MRP2 (ABCC2) 在十二指肠表达最高，向远端递减</li>
            <li>MRP3 (ABCC3) 和MCT1 (SLC16A1) 在结肠表达显著增加</li>
            <li>PepT1 (SLC15A1) 在小肠表达丰富，但在结肠表达极低</li>
            <li>OATP1A2 在回肠远端表达显著增加，高达空肠I段的100倍以上</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>11.23 转运体参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">转运体/蛋白</th>
            <th colspan="2">ET</th>
            <th colspan="2">PT</th>
            <th colspan="2">IT</th>
            <th colspan="2">UT</th>
            <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值 (1/h)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>65</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.054</td>
            <td>38</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC1 (MRP1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>88</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>79</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>64</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>106</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>63</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2A1 (OATP2A1/PGT)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>31</td>
            <td>0.37</td>
            <td>63</td>
            <td>0.67</td>
            <td>63</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1A2 (OATP1A2/SR-BI)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>43</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC15A1 (PepT1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>41</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>75</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>74</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO3A1 (OATP3A1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO4A1 (OATP4A1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>49</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>49</td>
            <td>0.62</td>
            <td>49</td>
            <td>1.14</td>
            <td>49</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2A3 (OAT3)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>74</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO4C1 (OAT4)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>106</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1A2 (OATP1A2/SR-BI)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>99</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>顶端内流</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基底外侧内流</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基底外侧外流</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>转运体参数缩写说明：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>ET: Extensive Transporter (广泛转运型)</li>
            <li>PT: Poor Transporter (弱转运型)</li>
            <li>IT: Intermediate Transporter (中间转运型)</li>
            <li>UT: Ultra-rapid Transporter (超快转运型)</li>
            <li>CV: Coefficient of Variation (变异系数)</li>
        </ul>
        
        <p><strong>注意事项：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>大多数转运体仅有ET表型数据，个体差异较大 (CV值高)</li>
            <li>P-gp (ABCB1) 是唯一具有明确周转率常数的转运体</li>
            <li>SLCO2A1 和 SLCO4A1 具有多种表型数据</li>
            <li>转运体表型分布对药物吸收和排泄有显著影响</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>11.24 胃肠道生理特性总结</h3>
    <div class="summary">
        <p>胃肠道生理参数对药物在体内的吸收、分布和代谢具有重要影响。以下是关键生理特性的总结：</p>
        
        <h4>区域差异</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>pH梯度</strong>：从胃部的酸性环境(pH 1.5-5)到小肠的中性或微碱性环境(pH 6.4-7.3)，再到结肠(pH 6.6)，形成明显的pH梯度</li>
            <li><strong>表面积</strong>：小肠因其绒毛和微绒毛结构具有最大的吸收表面积</li>
            <li><strong>转运体分布</strong>：不同转运体在胃肠道各段的表达模式存在显著差异，如P-gp在远端小肠表达增加，而PepT1在小肠表达丰富但在结肠表达极低</li>
            <li><strong>酶分布</strong>：CYP3A4等代谢酶在小肠上部表达较高，向远端递减</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>空腹与餐后状态差异</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>胃排空时间</strong>：空腹状态下约0.49小时，餐后状态下延长至2.07小时</li>
            <li><strong>胃液pH</strong>：空腹状态下约1.5，餐后状态下升高至5.0</li>
            <li><strong>胆汁分泌</strong>：餐后状态下胆汁分泌显著增加，尤其在十二指肠和空肠</li>
            <li><strong>内容物黏度</strong>：餐后状态下胃和近端小肠的黏度显著增加</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>个体差异</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>遗传多态性</strong>：CYP酶如CYP2C9的基因型差异导致酶活性和药物代谢能力的个体差异</li>
            <li><strong>转运体表达</strong>：大多数转运体表达具有较高的变异系数(CV 30-100%)</li>
            <li><strong>胃肠道生理参数</strong>：如胃排空时间、胃肠道pH值等均存在显著的个体差异</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>屏障功能</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>黏液层</strong>：不同区域黏液层厚度差异显著，结肠黏液层最厚(830μm)，空肠黏液层最薄(123μm)</li>
            <li><strong>紧密连接</strong>：旁细胞通道孔径均一(8.6μm)，但通透性受电梯度影响</li>
            <li><strong>肠上皮细胞</strong>：平均寿命约120小时，不断更新，影响药物代谢和吸收</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>12. 肝脏生理参数</h2>
    
    <h3>12.1 肝脏体积与重量</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>备注</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>BSA系数</td>
            <td>0.722</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td rowspan="2">肝脏体积(L) = 0.722 × BSA<sup>1.176</sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>BSA指数</td>
            <td>1.176</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>平均肝脏体积</td>
            <td>1.403 L</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>用户自定义值</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏密度</td>
            <td>1080 g/L</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>肝脏重量(g) = 肝脏体积(L) × 肝脏密度(g/L)</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>BSA基于肝脏体积预测公式在0至18岁的儿童和青少年中具有良好的预测性能</li>
            <li>在成人数据验证时（包括北美、欧洲和日本成人），公式仍表现出较高的外推性能</li>
            <li>成人数据验证中，肝脏体积在1 L以下的范围内预测性能较好，但对于体积更大的肝脏，预测精度有所下降</li>
            <li>某些特定种族（如日本人）的肝脏体积对BSA的敏感性略高</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>12.2 肝脏细胞学参数</h3>
    
    <h4>12.2.1 肝细胞计数 (HPGL)</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>大于20岁</th>
            <th>小于20岁</th>
            <th>备注</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>HPGL平均值</td>
            <td>117.52 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/g</td>
            <td>125 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/g</td>
            <td rowspan="3">HPGL = 10<sup>(-0.655×log(Age)+3.103)</sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基线值</td>
            <td>3.103</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>年龄系数</td>
            <td>-0.655</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>41.9</td>
            <td>20</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>P450/10<sup>6</sup>细胞基线</td>
            <td>3.034</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>HPGL系数</td>
            <td>-0.506</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>研究提到，日本人与白人在肝脏重量和CYP酶丰度上存在显著差异</li>
            <li>目前关于不同种族之间在MPPGL和HPGL方面的系统性数据还不充分</li>
            <li>上述模型主要基于高加索人种数据，中国人可能存在差异</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h4>12.2.2 肝脏蛋白含量</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数类别</th>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>计算公式</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="4">微粒体蛋白</td>
            <td>MPPGL平均值</td>
            <td>39.446 mg/g</td>
            <td>54.7</td>
            <td rowspan="4">MPPGL = 10<sup>(1.407 + 0.0158 × Age - 0.00038 × Age<sup>2</sup> + 0.0000024 × Age<sup>3</sup>)</sup></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基线值</td>
            <td>1.596</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>年龄系数 C1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>年龄系数 C2, C3</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="4">细胞质蛋白</td>
            <td>CPPGL平均值</td>
            <td>80.581 mg/g</td>
            <td>21.467</td>
            <td rowspan="3">CPPGL = 28.89451 + (1.310316 × MPPGL)</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基线值</td>
            <td>28.895</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>相关系数</td>
            <td>1.3103</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>21.467</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="3">S9蛋白</td>
            <td>S9PPGL平均值</td>
            <td>120.03 mg/g</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td rowspan="2">S9PPGL = MPPGL + CPPGL</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基线值</td>
            <td>95.06</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CV (%)</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>12.3 胆囊与胆汁参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>备注</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>进入胆囊的肝胆汁百分比</td>
            <td>70.3%</td>
            <td>32.1</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>IMMC周期时间</td>
            <td>1.55 小时</td>
            <td>55</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胆囊排空的IMMC周期百分比</td>
            <td>30%</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td></td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>空腹平均值</th>
            <th>餐后平均值</th>
            <th>空腹CV (%)</th>
            <th>餐后CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胆囊释放常数 (1/小时)</td>
            <td>0.18</td>
            <td>0.48</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>19</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胆囊残余体积 (%)</td>
            <td>79.4</td>
            <td>59.9</td>
            <td>13.1</td>
            <td>39.6</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>12.4 肝脏代谢酶</h3>
    
    <h4>12.4.1 CYP酶基因型频率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>酶</th>
            <th>EM频率</th>
            <th>PM频率</th>
            <th>IM1频率</th>
            <th>IM2频率</th>
            <th>UM频率</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP1A1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP1A2</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2A6</td>
            <td>0.537</td>
            <td>0.015</td>
            <td>0.399</td>
            <td>0.049</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2B6</td>
            <td>0.524</td>
            <td>0.068</td>
            <td>0.323</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.085</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C8</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C9</td>
            <td>0.934</td>
            <td>0.003</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C18</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C19</td>
            <td>0.396</td>
            <td>0.134</td>
            <td>0.458</td>
            <td>0.012</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2D6</td>
            <td>0.597</td>
            <td>0.003</td>
            <td>0.39</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2E1</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2J2</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A4</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A5</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>0.58</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A7</td>
            <td>0.12</td>
            <td>0.88</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>代谢表型缩写说明：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>EM: Extensive Metabolizer (快代谢型)</li>
            <li>PM: Poor Metabolizer (慢代谢型)</li>
            <li>IM: Intermediate Metabolizer (中间代谢型)</li>
            <li>UM: Ultra-rapid Metabolizer (超快代谢型)</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h4>12.4.2 CYP酶丰度和周转率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">酶</th>
            <th colspan="2">EM</th>
            <th colspan="2">PM</th>
            <th colspan="2">IM1</th>
            <th colspan="2">IM2</th>
            <th colspan="2">UM</th>
            <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP1A1</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>115</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.5</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP1A2</td>
            <td>52</td>
            <td>54</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.68</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2A6</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>4.2</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>1.2</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2B6</td>
            <td>17</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>3.4</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>8.5</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>34</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.4</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C8</td>
            <td>24</td>
            <td>66</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C9</td>
            <td>73</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>36.5</td>
            <td>72</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.28</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C18</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C19</td>
            <td>14</td>
            <td>68</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>68</td>
            <td>3.5</td>
            <td>68</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2D6</td>
            <td>8</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>4</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>16</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.82</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2E1</td>
            <td>61</td>
            <td>51</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.54</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2J2</td>
            <td>1.3</td>
            <td>83</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A4</td>
            <td>137</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.54</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A5</td>
            <td>31</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.54</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A7</td>
            <td>16</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.54</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>12.4.3 UGT酶基因型频率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>酶</th>
            <th>EM频率</th>
            <th>PM频率</th>
            <th>IM频率</th>
            <th>UM频率</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A1</td>
            <td>0.67</td>
            <td>0.09</td>
            <td>0.24</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A3</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A4</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A6</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A9</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B4</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B7</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B10</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B15</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B17</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>12.4.4 UGT酶丰度和周转率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">酶</th>
            <th colspan="2">EM</th>
            <th colspan="2">PM</th>
            <th colspan="2">IM</th>
            <th colspan="2">UM</th>
            <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A1</td>
            <td>24</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A3</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>57</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A4</td>
            <td>18</td>
            <td>66</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A6</td>
            <td>6</td>
            <td>77</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A9</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>54</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B4</td>
            <td>64</td>
            <td>45</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B7</td>
            <td>71</td>
            <td>39</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B10</td>
            <td>6</td>
            <td>104</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B15</td>
            <td>42</td>
            <td>54</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>UGT2B15</td>
            <td>42</td>
            <td>54</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B17</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>89</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>12.5 肝脏转运体</h3>
    
    <h4>12.5.1 转运体基因型频率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>转运体</th>
            <th>ET频率</th>
            <th>PT频率</th>
            <th>IT频率</th>
            <th>UT频率</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1)</td>
            <td>0.63</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>0.34</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1B3 (OATP1B3)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A1 (OCT1)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB11 (BSEP)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC5 (MRP5)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC6 (MRP6)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC10A1 (NTCP)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A8 (OAT3)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A9 (OAT4)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC47A1 (MATE1)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>转运体表型缩写说明：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>ET: Extensive Transporter (广泛转运型)</li>
            <li>PT: Poor Transporter (弱转运型)</li>
            <li>IT: Intermediate Transporter (中间转运型)</li>
            <li>UT: Ultra-rapid Transporter (超快转运型)</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h4>12.5.2 转运体丰度和周转率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">转运体</th>
            <th colspan="2">绝对丰度</th>
            <th colspan="2">相对丰度</th>
            <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
            <td>0.91</td>
            <td>58</td>
            <td>0.17</td>
            <td>58</td>
            <td>0.054</td>
            <td>38</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>1.56</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>0.29</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>0.14</td>
            <td>64</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>64</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1)</td>
            <td>5.77</td>
            <td>58</td>
            <td>1.07</td>
            <td>58</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1B3 (OATP1B3)</td>
            <td>5.4</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
            <td>2.87</td>
            <td>45</td>
            <td>0.53</td>
            <td>45</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A1 (OCT1)</td>
            <td>1.39</td>
            <td>65</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>65</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB11 (BSEP)</td>
            <td>1.16</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>0.21</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
            <td>1.88</td>
            <td>31</td>
            <td>0.35</td>
            <td>31</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
            <td>0.4</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.07</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC5 (MRP5)</td>
            <td>0.23</td>
            <td>48</td>
            <td>0.04</td>
            <td>48</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC6 (MRP6)</td>
            <td>0.91</td>
            <td>45</td>
            <td>0.17</td>
            <td>45</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC10A1 (NTCP)</td>
            <td>2.99</td>
            <td>31</td>
            <td>0.55</td>
            <td>31</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
            <td>1.39</td>
            <td>48</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>48</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A8 (OAT3)</td>
            <td>0.11</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.02</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A9 (OAT4)</td>
            <td>0.17</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.03</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC47A1 (MATE1)</td>
            <td>0.91</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.17</td>
            <td>67</td>
            <td>0.00001</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>12.6 肝脏生理特性总结</h3>
    <div class="summary">
        <p>肝脏是人体内最重要的代谢和解毒器官，其生理参数对药物在体内的处置具有决定性影响。以下是关键生理特性的总结：</p>
        
        <h4>解剖与结构特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>体积与重量</strong>：平均肝脏体积约1.4 L，密度约1080 g/L，总重量约1.5 kg</li>
            <li><strong>血流量</strong>：肝脏接收约25%的心输出量，其中约75%来自门静脉，25%来自肝动脉</li>
            <li><strong>细胞组成</strong>：肝细胞约占肝脏总细胞的60%，其余为库普弗细胞、星状细胞和内皮细胞等</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>代谢特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>酶表达</strong>：肝脏表达丰富的I相和II相代谢酶，CYP3A4是最丰富的CYP酶，UGT2B7是最丰富的UGT酶</li>
            <li><strong>遗传多态性</strong>：CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP3A5等酶存在显著的遗传多态性，导致药物代谢能力的个体差异</li>
            <li><strong>酶活性</strong>：酶活性受年龄、性别、疾病状态和药物相互作用等因素影响</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>转运特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>转运体分布</strong>：肝脏表达多种摄取和外排转运体，OATP1B1和OATP1B3是主要的摄取转运体</li>
            <li><strong>极性分布</strong>：转运体在肝细胞膜上呈极性分布，摄取转运体主要位于血窦侧膜，外排转运体主要位于胆管侧膜</li>
            <li><strong>遗传多态性</strong>：SLCO1B1（编码OATP1B1）的遗传变异可显著影响他汀类药物的肝脏摄取和血浆浓度</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>胆汁分泌</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>胆汁成分</strong>：胆汁主要由水、胆汁酸、胆固醇、磷脂和胆色素组成</li>
            <li><strong>分泌调节</strong>：约70%的肝胆汁进入胆囊，其余直接流入十二指肠</li>
            <li><strong>空腹与餐后差异</strong>：餐后状态下胆囊收缩更强烈，释放常数增加（0.18→0.48/小时），残余体积减少（79.4%→59.9%）</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>个体差异</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>年龄相关变化</strong>：肝脏体积、血流量和代谢能力随年龄变化，HPGL和MPPGL受年龄影响</li>
            <li><strong>种族差异</strong>：不同种族在肝脏体积、酶表达和代谢能力上存在差异</li>
            <li><strong>性别差异</strong>：某些CYP酶（如CYP3A4）的表达存在性别差异，女性通常高于男性</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>13. 肾脏生理参数</h2>
    
    <h3>13.1 肾功能评估参数</h3>
    
    <h4>13.1.1 血清肌酐 (SCr)</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="2">男性</th>
            <th colspan="3">参考值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="2">年龄</th>
            <th>平均值 (μmol/L)</th>
            <th>CV 1 (%)</th>
            <th>CV 2 (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2">小于65岁</td>
            <td>79.1</td>
            <td>15.75</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2">大于65岁</td>
            <td>82.01</td>
            <td>21.58</td>
            <td>21.58</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="2">女性</th>
            <th colspan="3">参考值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="2">年龄</th>
            <th>平均值 (μmol/L)</th>
            <th>CV 1 (%)</th>
            <th>CV 2 (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2">小于45岁</td>
            <td>58.77</td>
            <td>18.23</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2">大于45岁</td>
            <td>61.14</td>
            <td>22.88</td>
            <td>22.88</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2">大于65岁</td>
            <td>65.55</td>
            <td>25.03</td>
            <td>25.03</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>13.1.2 肾小球滤过率 (GFR) 计算</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>计算方法</th>
            <th>公式</th>
            <th>单位</th>
            <th>适用人群</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">Cockcroft-Gault公式</td>
            <td>男性: (140-年龄) × 体重 / (0.818 × SCr)</td>
            <td>mL/min</td>
            <td>成人</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>女性: (140-年龄) × 体重 × 0.85 / (0.818 × SCr)</td>
            <td>mL/min</td>
            <td>成人</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">MDRD公式</td>
            <td>男性: 186 × (SCr/88.4)^(-1.154) × 年龄^(-0.203)</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m²</td>
            <td>成人</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>女性: 186 × (SCr/88.4)^(-1.154) × 年龄^(-0.203) × 0.742</td>
            <td>mL/min/1.73m²</td>
            <td>成人</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="2">GFR参考值和限制</th>
            <th>值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">GFR上下限</td>
            <td>最小值</td>
            <td>15 mL/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最大值</td>
            <td>400 mL/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">参考值(20-30岁)</td>
            <td>男性</td>
            <td>130 mL/min/1.73m²</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>女性</td>
            <td>120 mL/min/1.73m²</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2">GFR年龄上限</td>
            <td>140岁</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>13.2 肾脏解剖参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数类别</th>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="4">肾脏大小参数</td>
            <td>基线值</td>
            <td>15.4</td>
            <td rowspan="4">22.4</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>体重系数</td>
            <td>2.04</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>体长系数</td>
            <td>51.8</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾脏密度</td>
            <td>1050 g/L</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾单位数量</td>
            <td>每个受试者肾单位数(百万)</td>
            <td>1.6151</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td rowspan="2">肾单位计算参数</td>
            <td>基线值</td>
            <td>0.22693</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾重系数</td>
            <td>0.003948</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>13.2.1 肾脏体积分布</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>皮质/髓质比例</td>
            <td>2.56</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾小管周围毛细血管(占肾脏体积%)</td>
            <td>7%</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>13.3 肾单位结构参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>肾单位部分</th>
            <th>长度 (mm)</th>
            <th>直径 (mm)</th>
            <th>管腔pH值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>近端小管</td>
            <td>18</td>
            <td>0.06</td>
            <td>7.1583</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>亨利氏环</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>0.018</td>
            <td>7.4026</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>远端小管</td>
            <td>5.5</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>6.6547</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>集合管</td>
            <td>22</td>
            <td>0.2</td>
            <td>6.2854</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>尿液</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>5.99 (CV 8%)</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>13.3.1 肾单位内尿流速率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>肾单位部分</th>
            <th>男性 (mL/min/1.73m²)</th>
            <th>女性 (mL/min/1.73m²)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>近端小管</td>
            <td>130</td>
            <td>120</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>亨利氏环</td>
            <td>46.77</td>
            <td>43.23</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>远端小管</td>
            <td>25.97</td>
            <td>24.03</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>集合管</td>
            <td>12.44</td>
            <td>11.56</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>尿液</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>13.4 肾脏细胞学参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数类别</th>
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>近端小管细胞</td>
            <td>百万细胞/g肾脏 (PTCPGK)</td>
            <td>99.4</td>
            <td>33</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>S9蛋白</td>
            <td>S9PPGK平均值 (mg/g)</td>
            <td>12.8</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>微粒体蛋白</td>
            <td>MPPGK平均值 (mg/g)</td>
            <td>12.8</td>
            <td>55</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>细胞质蛋白</td>
            <td>CPPGK平均值 (mg/g)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>13.5 肾脏血流分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>血流旁路比例</th>
            <th>平均值 (%)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾小球前旁路(占肾血流量%)</td>
            <td>10</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通向亨利氏环的旁路(占近端小管血流出量%)</td>
            <td>20</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>13.6 机械滤过模型参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>描述</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>J_s (GFR分数)</td>
            <td>0.93021</td>
            <td>小孔道滤过分数</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>J_l (GFR分数)</td>
            <td>0.069785</td>
            <td>大孔道滤过分数</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>α_s (滤过系数)</td>
            <td>0.94248</td>
            <td>小孔道滤过系数</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>α_l (滤过系数)</td>
            <td>0.057524</td>
            <td>大孔道滤过系数</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>n_s : n_l</td>
            <td>40</td>
            <td>小孔道与大孔道数量比</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>R_pore,s (nm)</td>
            <td>4.8</td>
            <td>小孔道半径</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>R_pore,l (nm)</td>
            <td>6</td>
            <td>大孔道半径</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ΔP (mmHg)</td>
            <td>40</td>
            <td>跨滤过膜压力差</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ΔΠ (mmHg)</td>
            <td>25.8 (CV 10.6%)</td>
            <td>跨滤过膜胶体渗透压差</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>13.7 肾脏转运体</h3>
    
    <h4>13.7.1 转运体绝对丰度和相对丰度</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">转运体</th>
            <th colspan="2">绝对丰度</th>
            <th colspan="2">相对丰度</th>
            <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值 (pmol/10^6 cells)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>ET</th>
            <th>ET CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值 (1/h)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
            <td>0.82</td>
            <td>74</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>74</td>
            <td>0.054</td>
            <td>28</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>0.33</td>
            <td>62</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>62</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
            <td>0.27</td>
            <td>80</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>80</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>0.12</td>
            <td>59</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>59</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO4C1 (OATP4C1)</td>
            <td>0.89</td>
            <td>106</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>106</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A2 (OCT2)</td>
            <td>2.12</td>
            <td>66</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>66</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A4 (OCTN1)</td>
            <td>0.36</td>
            <td>68</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>68</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A5 (OCTN2)</td>
            <td>0.27</td>
            <td>121</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>121</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A6 (OAT1)</td>
            <td>1.55</td>
            <td>62</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>62</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>38</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A8 (OAT3)</td>
            <td>1.32</td>
            <td>85</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>85</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A11 (OAT4)</td>
            <td>0.21</td>
            <td>177</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>177</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A12 (URAT1)</td>
            <td>13.7</td>
            <td>51</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>51</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC47A1 (MATE1)</td>
            <td>2.56</td>
            <td>107</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>107</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC47A2 (MATE2-K)</td>
            <td>0.35</td>
            <td>100</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>100</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC51A/B (OST-α/β)</td>
            <td>0.25</td>
            <td>53</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>53</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>顶端摄取 (肾脏)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>顶端外排 (肾脏)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基底摄取 (肾脏)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基底外排 (肾脏)</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>1.00E-06</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>13.7.2 转运体表型分布</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">转运体</th>
            <th colspan="2">ET</th>
            <th colspan="2">PT</th>
            <th colspan="2">IT</th>
            <th colspan="2">UT</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>74</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>62</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>80</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>59</td>
            <td>0.37</td>
            <td>59</td>
            <td>0.67</td>
            <td>59</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC10A2 (ASBT)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC19A2 (THTR1)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC19A3 (THTR2)</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>转运体表型缩写说明：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>ET: Extensive Transporter (广泛转运型)</li>
            <li>PT: Poor Transporter (弱转运型)</li>
            <li>IT: Intermediate Transporter (中间转运型)</li>
            <li>UT: Ultra-rapid Transporter (超快转运型)</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>13.8 肾脏代谢酶</h3>
    
    <h4>13.8.1 UGT酶丰度和周转率</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">酶</th>
            <th colspan="2">绝对丰度</th>
            <th colspan="2">相对丰度</th>
            <th colspan="2">周转率常数</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>平均值 (pmol/mg)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
            <th>平均值 (1/h)</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A1</td>
            <td>0.3</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A3</td>
            <td>0.6</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A4</td>
            <td>0.9</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A6</td>
            <td>1.2</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.2</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A9</td>
            <td>3.0</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B4</td>
            <td>3.2</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B7</td>
            <td>3.5</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B15</td>
            <td>2.1</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>0.26</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>13.8.2 自定义UGT酶</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>酶</th>
            <th>相对丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A8</td>
            <td>0.05
            <td>UGT1A8</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT1A10</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B10</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>UGT2B17</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>60</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>13.9 肾脏生理特性总结</h3>
    <div class="summary">
        <p>肾脏是人体内重要的排泄器官，其生理参数对药物在体内的处置和排泄具有决定性影响。以下是关键生理特性的总结：</p>
        
        <h4>解剖与功能特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>基本结构</strong>：每个肾脏含有约100万个肾单位(肾元)，是肾脏的基本功能单位</li>
            <li><strong>血流分布</strong>：肾脏接收约20-25%的心输出量，其中约10%经肾小球前旁路，不参与滤过过程</li>
            <li><strong>组织分布</strong>：皮质与髓质比例约为2.56:1，皮质含有大部分肾小球和近端小管</li>
            <li><strong>滤过功能</strong>：肾小球滤过率(GFR)是评估肾功能的重要指标，正常成年人约为120-130 mL/min/1.73m²</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>肾单位特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>结构组成</strong>：肾单位由肾小球、近端小管、亨利氏环、远端小管和集合管组成</li>
            <li><strong>pH梯度</strong>：从近端小管(pH 7.16)到集合管(pH 6.29)形成pH梯度，影响药物的离子化状态和重吸收</li>
            <li><strong>尿流速率</strong>：从近端小管(130 mL/min)到最终尿液(1 mL/min)，液体被大量重吸收</li>
            <li><strong>滤过机制</strong>：肾小球滤过膜含有小孔道(4.8 nm)和大孔道(6 nm)，两者数量比为40:1</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>转运特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>转运体分布</strong>：肾脏表达多种摄取和外排转运体，其中OAT1、OAT3、OCT2和MATE1/2-K在药物排泄中尤为重要</li>
            <li><strong>极性分布</strong>：转运体在肾小管上皮细胞膜上呈极性分布，如OAT1和OAT3主要位于基底外侧膜，MATE1和MATE2-K主要位于顶端膜</li>
            <li><strong>丰度差异</strong>：URAT1是肾脏中表达最丰富的转运体(13.7 pmol/10^6 cells)，主要负责尿酸的重吸收</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>代谢特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>代谢能力</strong>：肾脏代谢能力低于肝脏，但对某些药物仍具有重要的代谢功能</li>
            <li><strong>酶表达</strong>：肾脏主要表达UGT酶，其中UGT1A9、UGT2B4和UGT2B7表达较为丰富</li>
            <li><strong>局部代谢</strong>：肾脏代谢可能影响药物的局部浓度和活性，尤其对于肾脏排泄的药物</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>个体差异</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>年龄相关变化</strong>：肾功能随年龄下降，GFR平均每年下降约1 mL/min/1.73m²</li>
            <li><strong>性别差异</strong>：女性GFR通常比男性低约10%，血清肌酐水平也较低</li>
            <li><strong>疾病影响</strong>：高血压、糖尿病等疾病可显著影响肾功能和药物排泄</li>
            <li><strong>遗传多态性</strong>：转运体(如ABCG2)的遗传变异可影响药物的肾脏处置</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>14. 大脑生理参数</h2>
    
    <h3>14.1 脑体积</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>性别</th>
            <th>计算公式</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>男性</td>
            <td>1.390 - 0.0027 × 年龄</td>
            <td>L</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>女性</td>
            <td>1.186 - 0.0015 × 年龄</td>
            <td>L</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="note">
        <p><strong>注释：</strong></p>
        <ul>
            <li>男性基础脑体积较大(1.390 L vs 1.186 L)</li>
            <li>男性脑体积随年龄减小的速率更快(每年减少0.0027 L vs 0.0015 L)</li>
            <li>公式适用于成年人，儿童和青少年的脑体积变化遵循不同的规律</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
    
    <h3>14.2 脑脊液流动参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脑脊液(CSF)产生速率</td>
            <td>0.021 L/h</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>从脑间质液(ISF)到CSF的流量</td>
            <td>占CSF产生的25%</td>
            <td>8</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CSF脊髓吸收率</td>
            <td>占CSF产生的38%</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>从脊髓CSF到颅内CSF的流量</td>
            <td>占CSF脊髓吸收的90%</td>
            <td>100</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>14.3 脑体积分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>区域</th>
            <th>比例</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>细胞内液(ICF)</td>
            <td>占脑质量的80%</td>
            <td>5</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脑内皮空间</td>
            <td>占脑体积的0.5%</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脑脊液(CSF)</td>
            <td>占脑体积的10.5%</td>
            <td>9.2</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脊髓CSF</td>
            <td>占总CSF的20%</td>
            <td>20</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>颅内血容量</td>
            <td>占脑体积的5%</td>
            <td>5</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>14.4 脑组织蛋白含量</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脑毛细血管蛋白</td>
            <td>2.33 mg/g脑组织</td>
            <td>47</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脑神经实质蛋白</td>
            <td>76.29 mg/g ICF神经组织</td>
            <td>43</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>神经元蛋白</td>
            <td>56.57 mg/g ICF神经组织</td>
            <td>43</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>神经胶质蛋白</td>
            <td>19.72 mg/g ICF神经组织</td>
            <td>43</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>14.5 血脑屏障转运体</h3>
    
    <h4>14.5.1 血脑屏障(BBB)转运体丰度</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>转运体</th>
            <th>绝对丰度 (pmol/mg)</th>
            <th>相对丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC2A1 (GLUT1)</td>
            <td>60.07</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
            <td>7.9</td>
            <td>0.13</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>5.59</td>
            <td>0.09</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
            <td>4.75</td>
            <td>0.08</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (MDR1)</td>
            <td>3.25</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
            <td>0.95</td>
            <td>0.02</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A5 (OCTN2)</td>
            <td>0.95</td>
            <td>0.02</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC29A1 (ENT1)</td>
            <td>0.95</td>
            <td>0.02</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC29A2 (ENT2)</td>
            <td>0.95</td>
            <td>0.02</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC1 (MRP1)</td>
            <td>0.77</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A3 (OCT3)</td>
            <td>0.77</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC7A5 (LAT1)</td>
            <td>0.77</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC5 (MRP5)</td>
            <td>0.59</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A1 (OCT1)</td>
            <td>0.59</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A2 (OCT2)</td>
            <td>0.59</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC10A1 (NTCP)</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A4 (OCTN1)</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1A2 (OATP1A2)</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
            <td>0.42</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A6 (OAT1)</td>
            <td>0.24</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A8 (OAT3)</td>
            <td>0.24</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>14.5.2 血脑屏障转运体动力学参数</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>分子量</td>
            <td>95000 Da</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>最大结合容量(Rmax)</td>
            <td>3.3 μM</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>降解速率常数(Kdeg)</td>
            <td>0.0625 1/h</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>合成速率常数(Ksyn)</td>
            <td>0.20625 μM/h</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>14.6 脑脊液屏障和神经细胞转运体</h3>
    
    <h4>14.6.1 脑脊液屏障(BCSFB)转运体</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>转运体类型</th>
            <th>相对丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>外排转运体</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>摄取转运体</td>
            <td>2</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h4>14.6.2 神经系统细胞内液(ICF)转运体</h4>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>转运体类型</th>
            <th>相对丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>外排转运体</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>摄取转运体</td>
            <td>2</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>14.7 大脑生理特性总结</h3>
    <div class="summary">
        <p>大脑是人体内最复杂的器官，其独特的生理特性对药物分布和作用具有重要影响。以下是关键生理特性的总结：</p>
        
        <h4>解剖与结构特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>体积变化</strong>：成人脑体积随年龄逐渐减小，男性基础体积较大(1.39 L vs 1.19 L)，但减小速率也更快</li>
            <li><strong>组织分布</strong>：细胞内液占脑质量的80%，脑脊液占脑体积的10.5%，颅内血容量约占5%</li>
            <li><strong>血管系统</strong>：脑毛细血管总长度约600 km，总表面积约20 m²，血脑屏障总面积约12-18 m²</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>屏障系统</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>血脑屏障(BBB)</strong>：由脑毛细血管内皮细胞紧密连接形成，限制大多数物质进入脑组织</li>
            <li><strong>脑脊液屏障(BCSFB)</strong>：由脉络丛上皮细胞形成，调控脑脊液的产生和成分</li>
            <li><strong>脑脊液系统</strong>：脑脊液产生速率约0.021 L/h，每天更新约4次，通过蛛网膜颗粒和淋巴系统吸收</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>转运特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>转运体分布</strong>：GLUT1是BBB中最丰富的转运体，负责葡萄糖转运；P-gp和BCRP是主要的外排转运体</li>
            <li><strong>转运体极性</strong>：外排转运体主要位于内皮细胞的腔侧膜，摄取转运体主要位于基底侧膜</li>
            <li><strong>转运体功能</strong>：BBB转运体调控营养物质进入脑组织，同时防止潜在有害物质进入</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>代谢特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>代谢能力</strong>：脑组织代谢能力有限，但BBB内皮细胞表达某些代谢酶，如CYP1B1和UGT1A4</li>
            <li><strong>能量需求</strong>：脑组织高度依赖葡萄糖代谢，虽然仅占体重的2%，但消耗约20%的氧气和25%的葡萄糖</li>
            <li><strong>蛋白表达</strong>：脑神经实质蛋白含量约76.29 mg/g，其中神经元蛋白占大部分(56.57 mg/g)</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>个体差异</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>年龄相关变化</strong>：脑体积、脑血流量和BBB完整性随年龄变化</li>
            <li><strong>性别差异</strong>：男性脑体积平均大于女性，但脑脊液比例相似</li>
            <li><strong>疾病影响</strong>：神经退行性疾病、脑损伤和炎症可显著改变BBB完整性和脑内药物分布</li>
            <li><strong>遗传多态性</strong>：转运体(如ABCB1编码P-gp)的遗传变异可影响药物在脑内的分布</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>15. 组织成分</h2>
    
    <h3>15.1 组织湿重体积分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">组织</th>
            <th colspan="5">相对湿重体积百分比 (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>细胞外水 (EW)</th>
            <th>细胞内水 (IW)</th>
            <th>中性脂质 (NL)</th>
            <th>中性磷脂 (NP)</th>
            <th>亚细胞</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脂肪组织</td>
            <td>14.1</td>
            <td>3.9</td>
            <td>79</td>
            <td>0.2</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>骨骼</td>
            <td>9.8</td>
            <td>34.1</td>
            <td>7.4</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>大脑</td>
            <td>9.2</td>
            <td>67.8</td>
            <td>5.1</td>
            <td>5.65</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肠道</td>
            <td>26.7</td>
            <td>45.1</td>
            <td>4.87</td>
            <td>1.63</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心脏</td>
            <td>31.3</td>
            <td>44.5</td>
            <td>1.15</td>
            <td>1.66</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾脏</td>
            <td>28.3</td>
            <td>50</td>
            <td>2.07</td>
            <td>1.62</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏</td>
            <td>15.5</td>
            <td>58.6</td>
            <td>3.48</td>
            <td>2.52</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺</td>
            <td>34.8</td>
            <td>46.3</td>
            <td>0.3</td>
            <td>0.9</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肌肉</td>
            <td>9.1</td>
            <td>66.9</td>
            <td>2.38</td>
            <td>0.72</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胰腺</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>66.4</td>
            <td>4.1</td>
            <td>0.93</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>皮肤</td>
            <td>62.3</td>
            <td>9.47</td>
            <td>2.84</td>
            <td>1.11</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脾脏</td>
            <td>20.8</td>
            <td>57.9</td>
            <td>2.01</td>
            <td>1.98</td>
            <td>0</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>血浆</td>
            <td>94.5</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>0.35</td>
            <td>0.23</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>红细胞</td>
            <td>0</td>
            <td>66.6</td>
            <td>0.17</td>
            <td>0.29</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>15.2 组织蛋白含量与结合特性</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">组织</th>
            <th>蛋白含量</th>
            <th colspan="2">蛋白结合比例</th>
            <th>组织体积</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>酸性蛋白 (mg/g)</th>
            <th>白蛋白结合系数 (Kp,ALB)</th>
            <th>脂蛋白结合系数 (Kp,LPP)</th>
            <th>标度因子</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脂肪组织</td>
            <td>0.4</td>
            <td>0.037</td>
            <td>0.068</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>骨骼</td>
            <td>0.67</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>大脑</td>
            <td>0.4</td>
            <td>0.048</td>
            <td>0.041</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肠道</td>
            <td>2.84</td>
            <td>0.157</td>
            <td>0.141</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心脏</td>
            <td>3.07</td>
            <td>0.157</td>
            <td>0.16</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾脏</td>
            <td>2.48</td>
            <td>0.13</td>
            <td>0.137</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏</td>
            <td>5.09</td>
            <td>0.086</td>
            <td>0.161</td>
            <td>0.85</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>0.212</td>
            <td>0.168</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肌肉</td>
            <td>2.49</td>
            <td>0.034</td>
            <td>0.059</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胰腺</td>
            <td>1.67</td>
            <td>0.06</td>
            <td>0.06</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>皮肤</td>
            <td>1.32</td>
            <td>0.277</td>
            <td>0.096</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脾脏</td>
            <td>2.81</td>
            <td>0.097</td>
            <td>0.207</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>血浆</td>
            <td>0.04</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>红细胞</td>
            <td>0.44</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>-</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>15.3 组织电化学特性</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">组织</th>
            <th colspan="2">pH值</th>
            <th colspan="2">膜电位 (mV)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>局部</th>
            <th>亚细胞</th>
            <th>局部</th>
            <th>亚细胞</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脂肪组织</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>骨骼</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>大脑</td>
            <td>7.12</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肠道</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心脏</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾脏</td>
            <td>7.2</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-70</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺</td>
            <td>6.7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肌肉</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>55</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胰腺</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>皮肤</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脾脏</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>-41</td>
            <td>10</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>15.4 生物药物亚区室分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">组织</th>
            <th colspan="2">生物药物亚区室 (组织体积百分比)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>血管体积 (Vv)</th>
            <th>血管外体积 (Ve)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脂肪组织</td>
            <td>3.1</td>
            <td>0.039</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>骨骼</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>大脑</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肠道</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心脏</td>
            <td>4.2</td>
            <td>0.053</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾脏</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>0.088</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺</td>
            <td>18.54</td>
            <td>0.232</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肌肉</td>
            <td>2.7</td>
            <td>0.034</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胰腺</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>皮肤</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脾脏</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>0.063</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>15.5 体液pH值</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="6">全身体液pH值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>血浆</th>
            <th>细胞外水</th>
            <th>细胞内水</th>
            <th>肠道间质液</th>
            <th>红细胞内水</th>
            <th>肺部液体</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>7.4</td>
            <td>7.4</td>
            <td>7</td>
            <td>7.23</td>
            <td>7.22</td>
            <td>6.6</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th colspan="3">大脑特定区域pH值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>脑间质液</th>
            <th>脑细胞内液</th>
            <th>脑脊液</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>7.31</td>
            <td>7.01</td>
            <td>7.31</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>15.6 组织成分特性总结</h3>
    <div class="summary">
        <p>组织成分特性是影响药物在体内分布、代谢和作用的重要因素。不同组织之间的成分差异可以显著影响药物的组织分布系数、蛋白结合率和生物利用度。以下是关键组织成分特性的总结：</p>
        
        <h4>水分布特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>细胞外水比例</strong>：在不同组织中变化很大，皮肤含量最高(62.3%)，红细胞最低(0%)</li>
            <li><strong>细胞内水比例</strong>：大多数组织的主要成分，脑组织(67.8%)和肌肉(66.9%)中含量较高，脂肪组织较低(3.9%)</li>
            <li><strong>总水含量</strong>：各组织间差异显著，影响水溶性药物的分布</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>脂质特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>中性脂质</strong>：脂肪组织含量最高(79%)，决定脂溶性药物分布</li>
            <li><strong>磷脂含量</strong>：大脑含量最高(5.65%)，可能影响药物与膜的相互作用</li>
            <li><strong>脂质分布</strong>：不同组织的脂质含量和类型影响脂溶性药物的组织亲和性</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>蛋白特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>蛋白含量</strong>：肝脏(5.09 mg/g)和心脏(3.07 mg/g)蛋白含量较高，血浆(0.04 mg/g)和脂肪组织(0.4 mg/g)较低</li>
            <li><strong>蛋白结合特性</strong>：不同组织对白蛋白和脂蛋白的结合能力不同，影响组织中自由药物浓度</li>
            <li><strong>白蛋白结合</strong>：皮肤(0.277)和肺(0.212)的白蛋白结合系数较高</li>
            <li><strong>脂蛋白结合</strong>：脾脏(0.207)和肺(0.168)的脂蛋白结合系数较高</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>电化学特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>pH梯度</strong>：不同组织和细胞区室存在pH梯度，影响弱酸和弱碱性药物的离子化和分布</li>
            <li><strong>膜电位</strong>：肾脏膜电位(-70 mV)低于其他组织(-41 mV)，可能影响带电药物的跨膜转运</li>
            <li><strong>离子陷阱效应</strong>：pH值差异导致弱碱性或弱酸性药物在特定组织或细胞区室中积累</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>血管分布特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>血管体积</strong>：肺组织血管体积最大(18.54%)，肌肉最小(2.7%)</li>
            <li><strong>血管外空间</strong>：与血管体积成正比，影响大分子生物药物的组织渗透和分布</li>
            <li><strong>血流分布</strong>：不同组织血管分布和血流量差异影响药物分布的速率和程度</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>实践意义</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>药物设计</strong>：根据目标组织的成分特性设计药物的理化性质</li>
            <li><strong>给药方案</strong>：考虑组织成分特性优化给药剂量和频率</li>
            <li><strong>特殊人群考虑</strong>：肥胖、老年或疾病状态可能改变组织成分，影响药物分布</li>
            <li><strong>药动学模型</strong>：组织成分数据对构建生理药动学模型至关重要</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>16. 血流动力学参数</h2>
    
    <h3>16.1 组织血流分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">组织</th>
            <th colspan="2">血流量 (占心输出量百分比 %)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>男性</th>
            <th>女性</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脂肪组织</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>8.5</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>骨骼</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>5</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>大脑</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>12</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肠道</td>
            <td>15</td>
            <td>15</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心脏</td>
            <td>4</td>
            <td>4</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾脏</td>
            <td>19</td>
            <td>17</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏(肝动脉)</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏(门静脉)</td>
            <td>19.5</td>
            <td>19.5</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺</td>
            <td>100</td>
            <td>100</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肌肉</td>
            <td>17</td>
            <td>12</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>皮肤</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>5</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胰腺</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>1</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脾脏</td>
            <td>3</td>
            <td>3</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>16.2 淋巴流分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th rowspan="2">组织</th>
            <th colspan="2">淋巴流量</th>
        </tr>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>占总淋巴流量百分比 (%)</th>
            <th>绝对流率 (mL/h/kg)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脂肪组织</td>
            <td>12.8</td>
            <td>0.0128</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>骨骼</td>
            <td>3.5</td>
            <td>0.0035</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>大脑</td>
            <td>1.05</td>
            <td>0.00105</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>结肠</td>
            <td>4.14</td>
            <td>0.00414</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心脏</td>
            <td>3.5</td>
            <td>0.0035</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肾脏</td>
            <td>2.8</td>
            <td>0.0028</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肝脏(动脉)</td>
            <td>33</td>
            <td>0.033</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺</td>
            <td>2</td>
            <td>0.002</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肌肉</td>
            <td>16</td>
            <td>0.016</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>皮肤</td>
            <td>8</td>
            <td>0.008</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>小肠</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>0.012</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胰腺</td>
            <td>0.21</td>
            <td>0.00021</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>脾脏</td>
            <td>1</td>
            <td>0.001</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>16.3 心输出量参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>基础心输出量</td>
            <td>5.2</td>
            <td>L/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心输出量/体重比</td>
            <td>0.075</td>
            <td>L/min/kg</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>心率</td>
            <td>70</td>
            <td>次/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>每搏输出量</td>
            <td>74.3</td>
            <td>mL/次</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>16.4 血管系统参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>总血容量</td>
            <td>5.5</td>
            <td>L</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>血容量/体重比</td>
            <td>78</td>
            <td>mL/kg</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>动脉血容量</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>% 总血容量</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>静脉血容量</td>
            <td>60</td>
            <td>% 总血容量</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>毛细血管血容量</td>
            <td>10</td>
            <td>% 总血容量</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>平均动脉压</td>
            <td>93</td>
            <td>mmHg</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>平均静脉压</td>
            <td>5</td>
            <td>mmHg</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>总外周阻力</td>
            <td>17.9</td>
            <td>mmHg·min/L</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>16.5 淋巴系统参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>总淋巴流量</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>L/h</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>淋巴流量/体重比</td>
            <td>0.0014</td>
            <td>L/h/kg</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>淋巴/血浆比例</td>
            <td>0.32</td>
            <td>%</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>胸导管淋巴流量</td>
            <td>75</td>
            <td>% 总淋巴流量</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>右淋巴导管流量</td>
            <td>25</td>
            <td>% 总淋巴流量</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>16.6 血流动力学特性总结</h3>
    <div class="summary">
        <p>血流动力学参数对药物在体内的分布、代谢和排泄具有决定性影响。不同组织的血流分布和淋巴流量差异可显著影响药物的组织分布和清除率。以下是关键血流动力学特性的总结：</p>
        
        <h4>血流分布特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>高灌注组织</strong>：肺(100%)、肝脏(总计约26%)、肾脏(17-19%)和大脑(12%)接收最高比例的心输出量</li>
            <li><strong>中等灌注组织</strong>：肌肉(12-17%)、肠道(15%)和脂肪组织(5-8.5%)接收中等比例的心输出量</li>
            <li><strong>低灌注组织</strong>：骨骼、皮肤、胰腺和脾脏接收较低比例的心输出量</li>
            <li><strong>性别差异</strong>：女性脂肪组织血流(8.5%)高于男性(5%)，而男性肌肉血流(17%)高于女性(12%)，反映了体成分差异</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>淋巴流特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>高淋巴流组织</strong>：肝脏(33%)、肌肉(16%)和脂肪组织(12.8%)具有最高的淋巴流量</li>
            <li><strong>消化系统淋巴</strong>：小肠(12%)和结肠(4.14%)合计约占总淋巴流量的16%，对脂溶性药物和大分子的吸收和分布尤为重要</li>
            <li><strong>低淋巴流组织</strong>：大脑(1.05%)、胰腺(0.21%)和脾脏(1%)的淋巴流量相对较低</li>
            <li><strong>淋巴/血流比例</strong>：不同组织的淋巴流量与血流量比例各异，影响药物在组织间质中的停留时间</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>心血管系统特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>心输出量分布</strong>：基础心输出量约5.2 L/min，约合0.075 L/min/kg体重</li>
            <li><strong>血容量分布</strong>：总血容量约5.5 L，其中60%位于静脉系统，30%位于动脉系统，10%位于毛细血管</li>
            <li><strong>压力梯度</strong>：动脉系统(93 mmHg)和静脉系统(5 mmHg)之间存在显著压力差，驱动血液循环</li>
            <li><strong>外周阻力</strong>：总外周阻力约17.9 mmHg·min/L，由小动脉和微血管床阻力主导</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>淋巴系统特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>总淋巴流量</strong>：约0.1 L/h，相当于血浆流量的0.32%</li>
            <li><strong>淋巴导管分布</strong>：约75%的淋巴液通过胸导管回流，25%通过右淋巴导管回流</li>
            <li><strong>组织间液回收</strong>：淋巴系统每天回收约2-4 L组织间液，维持组织液平衡</li>
            <li><strong>大分子转运</strong>：淋巴系统是大分子药物和蛋白从组织间隙回到血液循环的主要途径</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>药物分布影响</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>初始分布</strong>：高灌注组织(肺、肝、肾、脑)在给药后首先达到高药物浓度</li>
            <li><strong>平衡分布</strong>：低灌注组织(脂肪、骨骼)达到平衡浓度较慢，但可能成为长期储存库</li>
            <li><strong>清除率</strong>：肝脏和肾脏高血流量促进药物清除，是大多数药物的主要消除途径</li>
            <li><strong>生物利用度</strong>：口服药物通过肠道吸收后经门静脉进入肝脏，可能发生首过效应</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="section">
    <h2>17. 肺部生理参数</h2>
    
    <h3>17.1 肺部体积与组成</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺部体积</td>
            <td>4.7</td>
            <td>L</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺部密度</td>
            <td>0.25</td>
            <td>g/mL</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺部重量</td>
            <td>1175</td>
            <td>g</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡表面积</td>
            <td>140</td>
            <td>m²</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡数量</td>
            <td>480</td>
            <td>百万</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡平均直径</td>
            <td>200</td>
            <td>μm</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡表面积/肺体积比</td>
            <td>29.8</td>
            <td>m²/L</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.2 肺叶分布</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>肺叶</th>
            <th>体积百分比 (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>右上叶</td>
            <td>17</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>右中叶</td>
            <td>11</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>右下叶</td>
            <td>24</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>左上叶</td>
            <td>24</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>左下叶</td>
            <td>24</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.3 通气灌注参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>通气灌注比</td>
            <td>0.84</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺血流量</td>
            <td>5.2</td>
            <td>L/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡通气量</td>
            <td>4.2</td>
            <td>L/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺分流率</td>
            <td>1.5</td>
            <td>%</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>死腔通气率</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>%</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.4 呼吸参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>活动状态</th>
            <th>呼吸频率 (次/min)</th>
            <th>潮气量 (mL)</th>
            <th>每分钟通气量 (L/min)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>休息</td>
            <td>12</td>
            <td>500</td>
            <td>6</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>轻度活动</td>
            <td>20</td>
            <td>700</td>
            <td>14</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>中度活动</td>
            <td>30</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>重度活动</td>
            <td>40</td>
            <td>1500</td>
            <td>60</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.5 肺部pH值</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>区室</th>
            <th>pH值</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>气道表面液</td>
            <td>6.6</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡表面液</td>
            <td>6.9</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺间质液</td>
            <td>7.4</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺细胞内液</td>
            <td>7.2</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>用户定义局部pH</td>
            <td>7.4</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.6 肺部表面积</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>气道表面积</td>
            <td>0.34</td>
            <td>m²</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡表面积</td>
            <td>140</td>
            <td>m²</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡毛细血管表面积</td>
            <td>126</td>
            <td>m²</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>气道表面积/肺体积比</td>
            <td>0.072</td>
            <td>m²/L</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.7 肺部细胞学参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡巨噬细胞数量</td>
            <td>23</td>
            <td>亿</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>巨噬细胞体积</td>
            <td>2500</td>
            <td>μm³</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡上皮细胞数量</td>
            <td>2.4</td>
            <td>万亿</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡上皮细胞体积</td>
            <td>1000</td>
            <td>μm³</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.8 肺部肉芽肿参数</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肉芽肿体积</td>
            <td>0.0042</td>
            <td>mm³</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肉芽肿中细菌数量</td>
            <td>100</td>
            <td>个</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肉芽肿生长速率</td>
            <td>0.002</td>
            <td>1/天</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肉芽肿内部pH</td>
            <td>6.5</td>
            <td>-</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.9 肺部代谢酶</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>酶</th>
            <th>相对丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP1A1</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP1A2</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP1B1</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2A6</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2A13</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2B6</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C8</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C9</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2C19</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2D6</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2E1</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2F1</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2J2</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP2S1</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A4</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A5</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP3A7</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>CYP4B1</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.10 肺部转运体</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>转运体</th>
            <th>相对丰度</th>
            <th>CV (%)</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCB1 (P-gp)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC1 (MRP1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC2 (MRP2)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC3 (MRP3)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC4 (MRP4)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCC5 (MRP5)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>ABCG2 (BCRP)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC10A1 (NTCP)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC10A2 (ASBT)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC15A1 (PEPT1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC15A2 (PEPT2)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC16A1 (MCT1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A1 (OCT1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A2 (OCT2)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A3 (OCT3)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A4 (OCTN1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A5 (OCTN2)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A6 (OAT1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A7 (OAT2)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLC22A8 (OAT3)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1A2 (OATP1A2)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO1B3 (OATP1B3)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>SLCO2B1 (OATP2B1)</td>
            <td>0.05</td>
            <td>30</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.11 肺部清除率</h3>
    <table>
        <tr class="header-row">
            <th>参数</th>
            <th>值</th>
            <th>单位</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>粘液纤毛清除率</td>
            <td>0.5</td>
            <td>mm/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬率</td>
            <td>0.01</td>
            <td>1/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡上皮转运率</td>
            <td>0.005</td>
            <td>1/min</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>肺泡-毛细血管转运率</td>
            <td>0.1</td>
            <td>1/min</td>
        </tr>
    </table>
    
    <h3>17.12 肺部生理特性总结</h3>
    <div class="summary">
        <p>肺部是人体内气体交换的主要器官，其独特的结构和生理特性对药物递送和处置具有重要影响。以下是关键肺部生理特性的总结：</p>
        
        <h4>解剖与结构特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>巨大的表面积</strong>：肺泡表面积约140 m²，相当于一个网球场的面积，为气体交换和药物吸收提供了广阔界面</li>
            <li><strong>肺叶分布</strong>：右肺分为上、中、下三叶，左肺分为上、下两叶，各肺叶体积分布不均</li>
            <li><strong>肺泡结构</strong>：约4.8亿个肺泡，平均直径约200 μm，形成蜂窝状结构</li>
            <li><strong>血管网络</strong>：肺毛细血管网密集，肺泡-毛细血管界面仅0.5 μm厚，有利于气体和药物快速交换</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>通气灌注特性</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>通气灌注比</strong>：平均约0.84，但在肺的不同区域存在差异，影响药物分布</li>
            <li><strong>肺血流量</strong>：约5.2 L/min，等于心输出量，所有静脉血都经过肺循环</li>
            <li><strong>肺泡通气量</strong>：约4.2 L/min，决定了气体交换和吸入药物分布的效率</li>
            <li><strong>分流和死腔</strong>：肺分流率约1.5%，死腔通气率约30%，影响药物递送效率</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>呼吸动力学</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>呼吸频率</strong>：从休息状态的12次/min到重度活动的40次/min不等</li>
            <li><strong>潮气量</strong>：从休息状态的500 mL到重度活动的1500 mL不等</li>
            <li><strong>每分钟通气量</strong>：从休息状态的6 L/min到重度活动的60 L/min不等</li>
            <li><strong>呼吸模式</strong>：影响吸入药物的沉积部位和吸收效率</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>生化环境</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>pH梯度</strong>：从气道表面液(pH 6.6)到肺间质液(pH 7.4)存在pH梯度，影响弱酸和弱碱性药物的离子化状态和吸收</li>
            <li><strong>代谢酶表达</strong>：肺表达多种CYP酶，但丰度低于肝脏，主要包括CYP1A1、CYP1B1、CYP2A13和CYP2F1等</li>
            <li><strong>转运体表达</strong>：肺组织表达多种药物转运体，包括P-gp、MRP1和BCRP等，影响药物在肺内的处置</li>
            <li><strong>防御系统</strong>：粘液纤毛清除、肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬等机制可能降低药物在肺内的停留时间</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>病理状态影响</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>肉芽肿形成</strong>：某些疾病如结核病可导致肉芽肿形成，内部pH约6.5，细菌生长速率约0.002/天</li>
            <li><strong>气道阻塞</strong>：哮喘、COPD等疾病导致的气道阻塞可改变药物在肺内的分布</li>
            <li><strong>肺纤维化</strong>：增加肺组织密度，减少气体交换面积，影响药物分布和吸收</li>
            <li><strong>肺水肿</strong>：增加肺泡-毛细血管屏障厚度，降低药物吸收速率</li>
        </ul>
        
        <h4>药物递送考虑</h4>
        <ul>
            <li><strong>粒径影响</strong>：1-5 μm的颗粒适合沉积在肺泡区域，<1 μm的颗粒可能被呼出，>5 μm的颗粒可能沉积在上呼吸道</li>
            <li><strong>吸入技术</strong>：吸入流速、屏气时间和吸入体积影响药物沉积和吸收</li>
            <li><strong>清除机制</strong>：粘液纤毛清除率约0.5 mm/min，巨噬细胞吞噬率约0.01/min，影响药物在肺内的停留时间</li>
            <li><strong>全身吸收</strong>：肺泡-毛细血管转运率约0.1/min，决定了药物从肺部进入全身循环的速率</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>

    <footer>
        <p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 40px; color: #666; font-size: 12px;">© 2025 生理参数数据库 | 版本 1.0</p>
    </footer>
</body>
</html>

             

